Table 2.

Serum insulin and plasma amino acid levels in controls and HF patients under fasting conditions and in response to insulin and amino acid infusions (Ins/AA).

	Controls		Heart Failure
	Fasting	Ins/AA	Fasting	Ins/AA
Insulin (μU/ml)	6.3 ± 1.8	70.4 ± 7.5	4.4 ± 2.2	68.8 ± 9.5 *
Non-essential amino acids (μM)
Alanine	191.7 ± 31.3	346.6 ± 32.1	162.5 ± 5.4	259.9 ± 16.6 *
Arginine	70.2 ± 4.9	129.5 ± 8.0	72.4 ± 4.9	125.9 ± 5.2 *
Asparagine	48.8 ± 4.4	28.6 ± 3.0	43.8 ± 3.4	28.2 ± 1.2 *
Aspartate	3.5 ± 0.8	21.1 ± 1.4	3.8 ± 0.2	22.4 ± 0.6 *
Cysteine	32.4 ± 3.0	29.8 ± 5.5	35.9 ± 2.8	34.8 ± 5.9
Gluatmate	48.5 ± 7.4	73.0 ± 7.5	69.0 ± 12.0	100.9 ± 9.1 *
Gluatmine	404.5 ± 30.3	361.8 ± 23.1	433.5 ± 41.0	365.9 ± 20.7 *
Glycine	168.5 ± 21.4	224.8 ± 21.1	167.7 ± 28.7	217.8 ± 24.4 *
Histidine	65.6 ± 3.3	77.8 ± 2.6	77.2 ± 6.6	86.8 ± 3.9 *
Serine	74.9 ± 5.7	95.9 ± 3.8	79.2 ± 4.0	99.7 ± 2.7 *
Tyrosine	47.7 ± 5.2	33.2 ± 2.3	48.2 ± 2.1	39.4 ± 2.3 *
Essential amino acids (μM)
Isoleucine	63.2 ± 6.8	88.2 ± 6.3	61.8 ± 3.8	93.9 ± 8.1 *
Leucine	134.7 ± 6.7	149.8 ± 9.8	139.3 ± 4.5	164.8 ± 13.4 *
Lysine	132.3 ± 7.0	220.3 ± 8.5	152.0 ± 8.0	229.8 ± 11.7*
Methionine	21.3 ± 2.3	24.3 ± 1.7	20.6 ± 0.8	22.3 ± 1.6
Phenylalanine	60.0 ± 5.2	68.5 ± 2.8	63.2 ± 9.9	70.5 ± 8.8 *
Threonine	78.4 ± 4.5	91.3 ± 3.7	66.2 ± 6.0	80.6 ± 3.8 *
Tryptophan	30.7 ± 5.6	64.1 ± 5.8	36.4 ± 3.2	57.2 ± 2.5 *
Valine	212.9 ± 12.5	207.0 ± 12.4	220.0 ± 10.0	229.9 ± 16.2

Data are mean ± SE.

^*P<0.05 significant effect of infusion.