Table 1.
Mean levels of early life conditions, biomarkers of chronic disease and cognitive function by area level deprivation category
| SIMD Least Deprived (n = 342) | SIMD Most Deprived (n = 324) | Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early life conditions | |||
| Number of siblings | 2.6(1.2)b | 3.6(1.8) | < 0.0001 |
| People/room | 1.2(0.5) | 1.8(0.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Parents owned home | 49.4% | 5.9% | < 0.0001 |
| Parents owned car | 57.6% | 19.6% | < 0.0001 |
| Reported being bullied | 24.6% | 28.7% | 0.24 |
| Father's occupational category d (non-manual/manual) | 59.6%/40.4% | 14.6%/85.4% | < 0.0001 |
| Adult Socioeconomic status | |||
| Average household income | £41,699(11,921) | £16,461(10056) | < 0.0001 |
| Years of education | 16.1(3.6) | 11.8(2.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Current home status (owner-occupier/tenant) | 97.7%/2.3% | 29.9%/70.1% | < 0.0001 |
| Body Habitus | |||
| Height (cm) | 171(9) | 165(9) | < 0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 78.7(15.3) | 78.2(18.4) | 0.78 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9(4.5) | 28.7(6.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Leg-length (cm) | 81.9(6.0) | 78.7(5.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Trunk-length (cm) | 89.3(5.1) | 86.5(5.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Inflammatory Biomarkers | |||
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.10(2.73)c | 3.56(3.91) | < 0.0001 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 1.74(1.49)c | 2.50(1.60) | < 0.0001 |
| ICAM (ng/ml) | 241.3(54.9)c | 315.4(97.2) | < 0.0001 |
| vWF (IU/dl) | 129(39) | 155(46) | < 0.0001 |
| Classical Risk factors | |||
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.29(1.03) | 4.95(1.05) | < 0.0001 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.43(0.38) | 1.30(0.39) | < 0.0001 |
| Current Smoker (%) | 6.3% | 44.6% | < 0.0001 |
| BP systolic/diastolic (mmHg) | 135/81 | 136/81 | 0.48/0.74 |
| Insulin Resistance | |||
| HOMA-IR e | 1.52(1.22) | 1.81(1.60) | 0.012 |
| Carotid Atherosclerosis | |||
| Carotid IMT (mm) | 0.68(0.12) | 0.70(0.15) | 0.014 |
| Plaque present (% yes) | 43.1% | 58.3% | < 0.0001 |
| Cognitive Function | |||
| Stroop test (s) | 103.0(15.1) | 93.0(19.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Choice Reaction Time (ms)e | 531(101)c | 630(185) | < 0.0001 |
| AVLT (words recalled)e | 12.4(1.9) | 10.9(2.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Lung Function | |||
| FEV1 (L)e | 3.2(0.8) | 2.7(0.7) | < 0.0001 |
a p-values from linear or logistic regression models, adjusted for age and sex
b Values given are mean with 1 Standard Deviation in parenthesis for continuous variables; c Indicates use of geometric means;
d Fathers occupational category for Least Deprived was unemployed for n = 1 (0.3%) and unknown/unclassifiable for n = 19
(5.6%); Father's occupational category for Most Deprived was unemployed for n = 10 (3.1%) and unknown/unclassifiable
for n = 33 (10.1%); P value derived by Chi squared across the distribution;
e Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR); Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT); Forced
Expiratory Volume (FEV1); Choice Reaction Time (CRT), data for the thinking time element of test presented.