Table 4.
Multivariate analyses of early life determinants of chronic inflammation and endothelial activation
| log(CRP) β (95% CI) | vWF β (95% CI) | log(IL-6) β (95% CI) | log(ICAM) β (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 0a | ||||
| Age | 0.118 (0.056, 0.180)*** | 7.874 (5.405, 10.344)*** | 0.103 (0.066, 0.139)*** | 0.017 (0.002, 0.032)* |
| Sex | 0.150 (-0.054, 0.355) | -0.964 (-9.060, 7.133) | 0.020 (-0.101, 0.142) | 0.008 (-0.042, 0.058) |
| R2 | 3.5% | 8.2% | 6.3% | 1.1% |
| Model 1b | ||||
| Age | 0.090 (0.026, 0.154)** | 6.694 (4.090, 9.298)*** | 0.081 (0.043, 0.118)*** | 0.007 (-0.008, 0.022) |
| Sex | -0.094 (-0.390, 0.202) | -5.890 (-17.802, 6.021) | -0.187 (-0.360, -0.014)* | -0.063 (-0.133, 0.007) |
| Parental home status | 0.039 (-0.220, 0.298) | 9.285 (-1.018, 19.588) | 0.159 (0.007, 0.311)* | 0.063 (0.001, 0.124)* |
| Fathers occupation cat. | 0.357 (0.118, 0.595)** | 7.024 (-2.465, 16.513) | 0.181 (0.041, 0.321)* | 0.065 (0.008, 0.121)* |
| People/room | 0.109 (-0.041, 0.259) | 3.500 (-2.593, 9.593) | 0.029 (-0.060, 0.117) | 0.042 (0.006, 0.077)* |
| Number of siblings | -0.026 (-0.098, 0.046) | -0.356 (-3.265, 2.553) | -0.012 (-0.054, 0.030) | 0.008 (-0.009, 0.026) |
| Leg length | -0.019 (-0.041, 0.003) | 0.059 (-0.819, 0.936) | -0.013 (-0.026, 0.000) | -0.005 (-0.010, 0.001) |
| Trunk length | -0.015 (-0.041, 0.012) | -0.680 (-1.746, 0.386) | -0.016 (-0.031, -0.001)* | -0.005 (-0.011, 0.002) |
| R2 | 9.6% | 12.1% | 14.5% | 12.9% |
| F-Test vs. Model 0 | p = 0.0001 | p = 0.0040 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 |
| Model 2c | ||||
| Age | 0.017 (-0.035, 0.069) | 5.730 (3.157, 8.304)*** | ||
| Sex | 0.113 (-0.125, 0.350) | -2.014 (-13.639, 9.610) | ||
| Parental home status | -0.153 (-0.361, 0.055) | 6.127 (-3.919, 16.174) | ||
| Fathers occupation cat. | 0.153 (-0.039, 0.345) | 3.676 (-5.598, 12.950) | ||
| People/room | 0.069 (-0.052, 0.190) | 1.950 (-3.997, 7.898) | ||
| Number of siblings | -0.017 (-0.075, 0.041) | -0.449 (-3.273, 2.375) | ||
| Leg length | -0.006 (-0.024, 0.012) | 0.295 (-0.560, 1.149) | ||
| Trunk length | 0.003 (-0.019, 0.024) | -0.372 (-1.410, 0.667) | ||
| ICAM | 0.476 (0.136, 0.817)** | 29.381 (12.536, 46.227)*** | ||
| IL-6 | 0.950 (0.809, 1.090)*** | 9.051 (2.296, 15.806)** | ||
| R2 | 42.7% | 17.9% | ||
| F-Test vs. Model 1 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | ||
| F-Test omitting Early Life variables | p = 0.50 | p = 0.42 | ||
| Model 3d | ||||
| Age | 0.081 (0.016, 0.146)* | 5.626 (3.028, 8.224)*** | 0.078 (0.040, 0.116)*** | 0.007 (-0.006, 0.020) |
| Sex | -0.011 (-0.306, 0.283) | -3.714 (-15.416, 7.988) | -0.115 (-0.286, 0.056) | -0.005 (-0.066, 0.056) |
| Parental home status | -0.101 (-0.359, 0.158) | 3.579 (-6.584, 13.741) | 0.091 (-0.059, 0.242) | 0.014 (-0.040, 0.067) |
| Fathers occupation cat. | 0.261 (0.023, 0.499)* | 2.130 (-7.225, 11.486) | 0.137 (-0.002, 0.276) | 0.012 (-0.037, 0.061) |
| People/room | 0.049 (-0.099, 0.197) | 1.004 (-4.945, 6.952) | 0.002 (-0.085, 0.089) | 0.021 (-0.010, 0.051) |
| Number of siblings | -0.048 (-0.120, 0.023) | -1.182 (-4.014, 1.650) | -0.029 (-0.070, 0.013) | -0.002 (-0.017, 0.013) |
| Leg length | -0.015 (-0.037, 0.006) | 0.225 (-0.623, 1.073) | -0.010 (-0.023, 0.002) | -0.002 (-0.006, 0.002) |
| Trunk length | 0.003 (-0.023, 0.030) | 0.209 (-0.862, 1.279) | -0.004 (-0.020, 0.011) | 0.005 (-0.001, 0.010) |
| Current smoker | -0.047 (-0.318, 0.225) | 5.318 (-5.522, 16.158) | 0.128 (-0.030, 0.287) | 0.228 (0.173, 0.283)*** |
| Years of Education | -0.024 (-0.057, 0.009) | -0.950 (-2.192, 0.292) | 0.009 (-0.010, 0.027) | -0.005 (-0.011, 0.002) |
| Current home status | 0.340 (0.038, 0.642)* | -2.372 (-14.249, 9.506) | 0.171 (-0.004, 0.347) | 0.041 (-0.020, 0.103) |
| Current incomee | -0.080 (-0.174, 0.013) | -7.379 (-11.045, -3.712)*** | -0.068 (-0.123, -0.014)* | -0.041 (-0.060, -0.022)*** |
| R2 | 14.8% | 19.1% | 20.2% | 37.8% |
| F-Test vs. Model 1 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 |
| F-Test omitting Early Life variables | p = 0.1984 | p = 0.9038 | p = 0.0452 | p = 0.2817 |
a Model 0 includes age (coefficient calculated as per 5 years) and sex (Male vs. Female);
b Model 1 examined the influence of the early life variables identified as most strongly linked to inflammation and tested their independence;
c Model 2 includes not only early life variables but also intermediary phenotype biomarkers (ICAM and IL-6);
d Model 3 includes early life variables and adult markers of socioeconomic status e.g. years of education, current income and current home status (owner occupier/tenant);
e Regression coefficient calculated as per £10,000 increase in income;
* 0.01 ≥ p < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≥ p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.