Table 5.
Multivariate analyses of early life determinants of chronic inflammation and endothelial activation
| FEV1 β (95% CI) | log(CRT, Thinking) β (95% CI) | STROOP β (95% CI) | AVLT β (95% CI) | Plaque Presencef OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 0a | |||||
| Age | -0.186 (-0.221, -0.152)*** | 0.055 (0.044, 0.067)*** | -2.98 (-4.00, -1.96)*** | -0.259 (-0.382, -0.137)*** | 1.53 (1.35, 1.74)*** |
| Sex | -0.957 (-1.072, -0.843)*** | 0.042 (0.003, 0.080)* | 1.12 (-2.19, 4.43) | 0.497 (0.092, 0.902)* | 0.55 (0.37, 0.82)** |
| R2 | 48.6% | 17.0% | 7.4% | 5.0% | 15.9% |
| Model 1b | |||||
| Age | -0.144 (-0.173, -0.114)*** | 0.047 (0.035, 0.060)*** | -2.72 (-3.77, -1.67)*** | -0.195 (-0.322, -0.067)** | 1.51 (1.32, 1.74)*** |
| Sex | -0.358 (-0.495, -0.221)*** | -0.009 (-0.065, 0.047) | 1.73 (-3.11, 6.58) | 1.102 (0.512, 1.691)*** | 0.34 (0.18, 0.65)** |
| Parental home status | -0.072 (-0.191, 0.046) | 0.020 (-0.029, 0.069) | -2.07 (-6.27, 2.12) | -0.301 (-0.813, 0.210) | 1.29 (0.76, 2.19) |
| Fathers occupation cat. | -0.135 (-0.244, -0.026)* | 0.036 (-0.009, 0.081) | -5.62 (-9.50, -1.74)** | -0.436 (-0.908, 0.036) | 1.81 (1.11, 2.94)* |
| People/room | -0.082 (-0.153, -0.010)* | 0.023 (-0.005, 0.051) | -0.10 (-2.59, 2.39) | -0.083 (-0.382, 0.215) | 1.05 (0.76, 1.46) |
| Number of siblings | -0.023 (-0.058, 0.011) | 0.006 (-0.007, 0.020) | -0.46 (-1.63, 0.70) | -0.076 (-0.220, 0.068) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) |
| Leg length | 0.034 (0.024, 0.044)*** | 0.001 (-0.003, 0.005) | -0.41 (-0.78, -0.05)* | 0.015 (-0.028, 0.059) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) |
| Trunk length | 0.051 (0.039, 0.063)*** | -0.008 (-0.013, -0.003)** | 0.51 (0.06, 0.95)* | 0.069 (0.016, 0.121)* | 0.97 (0.91, 1.02) |
| R2 | 67.0% | 22.7% | 13.0% | 10.8% | 22.0% |
| F-Test vs. Model 0 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.0002 | p = 0.0001 | p = 0.0006 |
| Model 2c | |||||
| Age | -0.133 (-0.163, -0.104)*** | 0.044 (0.032, 0.057)*** | -2.804 (-3.871, -1.737)*** | -0.194 (-0.322, -0.066)** | 1.53 (1.33, 1.77)*** |
| Sex | -0.400 (-0.534, -0.266)*** | 0.003 (-0.053, 0.059) | 1.504 (-3.350, 6.358) | 1.009 (0.425, 1.594)*** | 0.34 (0.18, 0.65)** |
| Parental home status | -0.028 (-0.144, 0.088) | 0.009 (-0.040, 0.057) | -1.738 (-5.948, 2.472) | -0.212 (-0.719, 0.295) | 1.30 (0.76, 2.22) |
| Fathers occupation cat. | -0.093 (-0.200, 0.014) | 0.024 (-0.021, 0.069) | -5.330 (-9.228, -1.432)** | -0.349 (-0.818, 0.120) | 1.82 (1.11, 2.99)* |
| People/room | -0.070 (-0.139, 0.000) | 0.019 (-0.010, 0.047) | 0.241 (-2.251, 2.733) | -0.016 (-0.312, 0.279) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.45) |
| Number of siblings | -0.020 (-0.054, 0.014) | 0.006 (-0.007, 0.020) | -0.352 (-1.513, 0.808) | -0.059 (-0.201, 0.083) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) |
| Leg length | 0.032 (0.022, 0.042)*** | 0.002 (-0.002, 0.006) | -0.436 (-0.804, -0.067)* | 0.009 (-0.034, 0.052) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) |
| Trunk length | 0.048 (0.036, 0.060)*** | -0.007 (-0.012, -0.002)** | 0.498 (0.052, 0.944)* | 0.062 (0.010, 0.114)* | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) |
| ICAM | -0.334 (-0.524, -0.145)*** | 0.088 (0.008, 0.167)* | -8.734 (-15.589, -1.879)* | -1.674 (-2.505, -0.842)*** | 1.43 (0.59, 3.48) |
| IL-6 | -0.096 (-0.174, -0.017)* | 0.032 (0.000, 0.064) | 1.428 (-1.382, 4.237) | 0.118 (-0.219, 0.455) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.21) |
| R2 | 69.1% | 25.1% | 14.3% | 14.0% | 22.3% |
| F-Test vs. Model 1 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.0011 | p = 0.0444 | p = 0.0003 | p = 0.5709 |
| F-Test omit Early Life variables | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.0073 | p = 0.0017 | p = 0.0199 | p = 0.0021 |
| Model 3d | |||||
| Age | -0.147 (-0.177, -0.118)*** | 0.046 (0.034, 0.058)*** | -2.59 (-3.63, -1.55)*** | -0.155 (-0.282, -0.027)* | 1.58 (1.36, 1.84)*** |
| Sex | -0.412 (-0.545, -0.279)*** | 0.011 (-0.044, 0.066) | 0.07 (-4.67, 4.80) | 0.972 (0.392, 1.551)** | 0.37 (0.19, 0.72)** |
| Parental home status | -0.027 (-0.143, 0.089) | -0.011 (-0.059, 0.037) | 0.17 (-3.96, 4.29) | 0.018 (-0.488, 0.524) | 1.19 (0.68, 2.08) |
| Fathers occupation cat. | -0.081 (-0.189, 0.026) | 0.017 (-0.027, 0.061) | -3.80 (-7.63, 0.03) | -0.186 (-0.652, 0.280) | 1.57 (0.94, 2.61) |
| People/room | -0.060 (-0.130, 0.009) | 0.010 (-0.017, 0.038) | 0.87 (-1.56, 3.29) | 0.055 (-0.237, 0.347) | 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) |
| Number of siblings | -0.012 (-0.045, 0.022) | 0.001 (-0.012, 0.014) | 0.04 (-1.09, 1.17) | -0.029 (-0.169, 0.111) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) |
| Leg length | 0.032 (0.023, 0.042)*** | 0.002 (-0.002, 0.006) | -0.46 (-0.81, -0.10)* | 0.007 (-0.035, 0.049) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) |
| Trunk length | 0.042 (0.030, 0.054)*** | -0.004 (-0.009, 0.001) | 0.16 (-0.29, 0.60) | 0.026 (-0.026, 0.079) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) |
| Current smoker | -0.232 (-0.356, -0.108)*** | -0.008 (-0.058, 0.043) | 0.51 (-3.83, 4.85) | -0.051 (-0.587, 0.486) | 1.53 (0.85, 2.78) |
| Years of Education | 0.008 (-0.007, 0.023) | -0.003 (-0.009, 0.003) | 0.09 (-0.41, 0.59) | 0.062 (0.000, 0.123) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98)* |
| Current home status | -0.115 (-0.253, 0.023) | 0.089 (0.033, 0.145)** | -7.09 (-11.94, -2.24)** | -0.287 (-0.877, 0.302) | 1.44 (0.75, 2.77) |
| Current incomee | 0.016 (-0.027, 0.059) | -0.018 (-0.035, 0.000)* | 1.81 (0.32, 3.31)* | 0.283 (0.101, 0.465)** | 1.18 (0.97, 1.44) |
| R2 | 70.0% | 29.0% | 20.2% | 17.6% | 25.1% |
| F-Test vs. Model 1 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.0128 |
| F-Test omit Early Life variables | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.6751 | p = 0.0941 | p = 0.9207 | p = 0.2018 |
a Model 0 includes age (coefficient calculated as per 5 years) and sex (Male vs. Female);
b Model 1 examined the influence of the early life variables identified as most strongly linked to inflammation and tested their independence;
c Model 2 includes not only early life variables but also intermediary phenotype biomarkers (ICAM and IL-6);
d Model 3 includes early life variables and adult markers of socioeconomic status e.g. years of education, current income and current home status (owner occupier/tenant);
e Regression coefficient calculated as per £10,000 increase in income;
f Effect estimates for plaque presence reported as odds ratios; R2 values are Nagelkerke pseudo-R2; between model comparisons are likelihood ratio tests;
* 0.01 ≥ p < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≥ p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.