Table 1.

Gene therapy strategies for cardiac electrical dysfunction.

Model/application	Gene/target	Vector/vehicle	Delivery method	Target tissue	Species	Result	Reference
Atrial fibrillation	KCNH2-G628S	Adenovirus serotype 5	Atrial Painting	Atria	Swine	Restoration of sinus rhythm	[19]
Atrial electrophysiology	MIRP1-Q9E	DNA/plasmid	Intramyocardial Injection	RA	Swine	Prolongation of MAP	[21]
Acute atrial fibrillation	wtGi	Adenovirus serotype 5	Intracoronary	AV node	Swine	∼20% reduction in maximum ventricular rate	[23]
Persistent atrial fibrillation	cGi	Adenovirus serotype 5	Intracoronary	AV node	Swine	∼20% reduction in maximum ventricular rate	[24]
Post-myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia	SkM1	Adenovirus serotype 5	Intramyocardial Injection	Anterior LV	Canine	Significant reductions in ventricular tachyarrhythmias	[29]
Post-myocardial infarction ventricular tachyarrhythmias	miR-1	Small RNAs	Intramyocardial Injection	LV	Rat	Increased conduction velocity; reduced ventricular tachyarrhythmias	[30]
Post-myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia	KCNH2-G628S	Adenovirus serotype 5	Intracoronary	Anterior septal LV	Swine	Abolition of ventricular tachyarrhythmias	[32]
Long QT	Kv1.5	Adenovirus serotype 5 and adeno-associated virus	Intracoronary	LV	Mouse	Abbreviated APD and QT interval	[33,34]
Cardiac alternans	SERCA2a	Adenovirus serotype 5	Aortic cross-clamp	LV	Guinea Pig	Decreased alternans susceptibility and arrhythmia vulnerability	[27]
Biopacemaking	Kir2.1-AAA	Adenovirus serotype 5	Aortic cross-clamp	Basal LV	Guinea Pig	Pacemaking in vitro; regular and catecholamine responsive pacemaking in vivo	[36]
Biopacemaking	β2-adrenoceptor	DNA/Plasmid	Intramyocardial Injection	RA	Mouse	Increased spontaneous activity in vitro; 40% increase in resting HR	[35]
Biopacemaking	HCN2	Adenovirus serotype 5	Intramyocardial Injection	LA	Canine	Ability to independently drive atrial tissue	[37]
Biopacemaking	HCN1-ΔΔΔ	Adenovirus serotype 5	Intramyocardial Injection	LA	Swine	Ability to independently drive atrial tissue	[39]
Biopacemaking	HCN2	DNA plasmid+ mesenchymal stem cells	Intramyocardial Injection	Anterior LV	Canine	Ability to independently drive ventricular tissue; catecholamine responsive	[40]