Table 2.

Identity of the perpetrator of abuse

Reference	Study description	Female	Male	Both	Parent/caregiver	Other relative or parent’s boyfriend or girlfriend
Baldwin and Oliver [3]	Retrospective case-control and prospective case reports; 38 children from 34 families; severe abuse	47%	12%	41%
Benedict et al. [6]	Retrospective case-control; mothers of 532 abused children matched for child age and gender, maternal care, and maternal education	39%	18%	2.5%	60%	13%
Lightcap et al. [30]	24 two-parent families with a documented history of abuse	33%	67%
Lyman et al. [34]	Retrospective review of child homicides younger than 6 years of age	36%	64%		61%	23%
Perez-Arjona et al. [39]	Retrospective review of Department of Health Statistics				75%	11%