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Photographs illustrate the four conditions included in the study. (A) Intact C3–T1 specimens were first tested on the kinematic profiler. (B) A load cell was placed at the C4–C5 level. (C) A plate was placed along with the load cell at the C4–C5 level. (D) A Discover™ cervical artificial disc was placed at the C4–C5 level.
