Gene-specific shRNA down-regulates KIR3DL1 in Tregs without affecting cell proliferation and survival in response to stimulation. (A) Relative expression of KIR3DL1 in T cells. Real-time RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of KIR3DL1 in four types of CD4+ T cells: 2D2, C1i, N79, and BDC. The SD for at least three measurements is shown. (B) Gel showing Kir3dl1 gene expression in various cell lines, down-regulation by shRNA (2D2-shKIR), and no down-regulation by scrambled shRNA (2D2-Scrm). (C) Real-time RT-PCR results showing down-regulation of KIR3DL1 in 2D2-shKIR cells but not in 2D2-Scrm cells. Proliferation is not affected. Cells (2D2, 2D2-Scrm, and 2D2-shKIR) were activated with either anti-CD3/CD28 (D) or their antigenic peptide, GAD p206 (E). (F) Cell death is not affected. Cell death was measured by Annexin V staining and analyzed by flow cytometry. Data are mean ± SD of at least four independent experiments. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.