Table 3.

 Quality of evidence in molecular studies investigating type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and enteroviruses

Study	NHMRC level of evidence*	Newcastle-Ottawa scale score	Diagnostic criteria for autoimmunity and/or type 1 diabetes given?	Cases and controls matched?					Details of viral detection given?
				Age	Sex	HLA	Place	Sample time
Andreoletti, 199714	III-3	4	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes (referenced)
Al-Shaheeb, 201030	II	7	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Buesa-Gomez, 199460	III-3	4	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Clements, 199541	III-3	6	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
Coutant, 200232	III-3	6	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Craig, 200358	III-3	6	Yes (diabetes register)	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Dahlquist, 200436	II	7	Yes (diabetes register)	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes (referenced)
Dotta, 200746	III-3	5	No	No	No	No	No	NA	Yes
Foulis, 199038	III-3	3	No	No	No	No	No	NA	Yes
Foy, 199535	III-3	6	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
Graves, 200322	II	7	Yes for autoimmunity, no for diabetes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Kawashima, 200461	III-3	5	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Lönnrot, 200031	II	6	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Maha, 200334	III-3	5	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Moya-Suri, 200533	III-3	7	Yes for autoimmunity, no for diabetes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
Nairn, 199912	III-3	7	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes (referenced)
Oikarinen, 200739	III-3	4	No	No	No	No	No	NA	Yes
Richardson, 200917	III-3	4	No	No	No	No	No	NA	Yes
Sadeharju, 200328	II	8	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes (referenced)
Salminen, 200320	II	6	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes (referenced)
Salminen, 200429	II	7	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Sarmiento, 200716	III-3	6	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Schulte, 201043	III-3	4	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Toniolo, 201044	III-3	7	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes
Yin, 200240	III-3	7	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Ylipaasto, 200442	III-3	5	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes

NA=not available.

*II=nested case-control study; III-3=case-control study.⁵⁹