Table 1.

Drugs targeting intracellular signal transduction proteins for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and their current status in clinical trials

Study	Drug	Manufacturer (location)	Target	Phase of clinical trial in RA and status
Damjanov et al. [8]	VX-702	Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Cambridge, MA)	p38α	2 (C)
Genovese et al. [9]	SCIO-469	Scios (Mountain View, CA)	p38α	2 (A, NR)
Hill et al. [10], Cohen et al. [11]	Pamapimod	Hoffmann-La Roche (Basel, Switzerland)	p38α	2 (C)
Carter et al. [12], Lee et al. [13]	ARRY-371797	Array Biopharma (Boulder, CO)	p38α	1 (C)
Kaul et al. [15], Wang et al. [16]	BMS-582949	Bristol-Myers Squibb (New York, NY)	p38	2 (C)
Monahan et al. [17]	PH-797804	Pfizer (New York, NY)	p38α	2 (C)
Carter et al. [18,19], Wright et al. [20]	ARRY-438162	Array Biopharma (Boulder, CO)	MEK	2 (A, NR)
Williams et al. [25]	INCB018424	Incyte Corporation (Wilmington, DE)	JAK1/2 (TYK2)	2 (C)
Jiang et al. [26], West [27••], Kremer et al. [28••], Silverfield et al. [29], Lawendy et al. [30]	CP-690,550	Pfizer (New York, NY)	JAK3	3 (R)
Weinblatt et al. [33••]	Fostamatinib	Rigel Pharmaceuticals (South San Francisco, CA)	Syk	2 (A, NR)
D’Aura Swanson et al. [37•], Paniagua et al. [38], Rosengren and Boyle [39], Eklund and Joensuu [40]	Imatinib	Novartis (Basel, Switzerland)	abl, c-kit, PDGF-R	2 (C)
Moss et al. [48]	Apratastat	Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (Madison, NJ)	MMP/TACE	2 (A, NR)
Kurose et al. [53], Liggins et al. [54]	Paxceed (micellar paclitaxel)	Angiotech Pharmaceuticals (Vancouver, Canada)	Induction of apoptosis	2 (C)

A, NR—active, not recruiting; C—completed; JAK—Janus kinases; MEK—mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; MMP—matrix metalloproteinase; PDGF-R—platelet-derived growth factor receptor; R—recruiting; RA—rheumatoid arthritis; Syk—spleen tyrosine kinase; TACE—TNF-α–converting enzyme.