Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and concentrations at baseline of urinary chemokines and urinary markers of tubular injury according to the study group
| Clinical characteristics | Controls (n=38) | Patients with type 1 diabetes |
P-value, controls vs DM-NA | P-value, DM-MA vs DM-NA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normoalbuminuria (DM-NA) (n=363) | Microalbuminuria (DM-MA) (n=296) | ||||
| Age (years) | 43±10 | 39±12 | 41±12 | 0.025 | 0.009 |
| Gender (% male) | 50 | 44 | 61 | NS | <0.0001 |
| Duration (years) | NA | 20+9 | 23+10 | NA | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (g%) | 5.3±0.4 | 8.3±1.2 | 8.6±1.5 | <0.0001 | 0.006 |
| AER (μg/min) | 10 (7–15) | 14 (10–19) | 67 (41–124) | <0.0001 | Different by design |
| Urinary chemokines | |||||
| IL-6 (ng/g cr) | 0.20 (0.00–0.55) | 0.48 (0.21–1.45) | 0.63 (0.27–1.69) | 0.0002 | 0.007 |
| IL-8 (ng/g cr) | 0.3 (0.0–7.1) | 1.8 (0.3–8.5) | 2.1 (0.5–12.5) | 0.014 | 0.19 |
| IP-10 (ng/g cr) | 2.3 (1.3–9.3) | 7 (2–29) | 21 (8–55) | 0.010 | <0.0001 |
| MCP-1 (ng/g cr) | 38 (10–71) | 42 (19–75) | 59 (33–92) | 0.24 | <0.0001 |
| Urinary markers of tubular injury | |||||
| NAG (U/g cr) | 0.6 (0.1–1.2) | 2.0 (1.2–3.5) | 3.4 (2.0–5.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| KIM-1 (ng/g cr) | 21 (2–46) | 29 (13–73) | 60 (29–133) | 0.008 | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: AER, albumin excretion rate; DM-MA, type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria; DM-NA, type 1 diabetes and normoalbuminuria; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NAG, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; NS, not significant.
Clinical characteristics are presented as mean±standard deviation except for AER: median (25–75th percentile). Urinary markers with creatinine adjustment presented as median (IQR). Urinary markers and AER log-transformed for the purpose of the statistical analysis. t-Test and χ2-test with continuity correction were used for the comparison between appropriate groups.