Table 3.

Pay-for-Performance (P4P) Participation, Volume and Hospital Process Compliance among Early Reporters, Fiscal Year 2003–2005

	Heart Attack		Heart Failure		Pneumonia		Heart Attack		Heart Failure		Pneumonia
	Easy	Hard	Easy	Hard	Easy	Hard	Easy	Hard	Easy	Hard	Easy	Hard
P4P	1.24**	0.76	5.20*	0.99	0.19	2.20*	1.00**	0.24	2.57	−0.4	0.23	1.23
	(0.43)	(1.36)	(2.52)	(0.74)	(0.16)	(0.99)	(0.34)	(1.49)	(3.08)	(0.92)	(0.20)	(0.79)
Year 2	1.30**	3.74**	8.04**	4.23**	0.62**	8.73**	1.32**	4.02**	8.33**	4.33**	0.61**	8.61**
	(0.17)	(0.62)	(0.84)	(0.27)	(0.09)	(0.30)	(0.17)	(0.62)	(0.80)	(0.27)	(0.09)	(0.29)
Year 3	2.67**	6.32**	18.83**	6.48**	0.93**	15.66**	2.68**	6.55**	19.04**	6.57**	0.92**	15.56**
	(0.19)	(0.65)	(0.96)	(0.30)	(0.10)	(0.35)	(0.20)	(0.66)	(0.93)	(0.30)	(0.09)	(0.35)
P4P × Year 2	−0.04	0.89	3.64	0.36	0.06	2.15**	0.05	1.02	2.27	0.16	0.04	2.01**
	(0.37)	(1.56)	(2.09)	(0.65)	(0.17)	(0.68)	(0.37)	(1.52)	(1.94)	(0.64)	(0.16)	(0.69)
P4P × Year 3	0.23	2.39	2.47	0.6	−0.08	2.19**	0.32	2.54	1.34	0.42	−0.09	2.05*
	(0.42)	(1.57)	(2.41)	(0.70)	(0.18)	(0.83)	(0.42)	(1.55)	(2.32)	(0.68)	(0.17)	(0.83)
Teaching hospital	1.31**	0.89	−0.11	1.97**	0.20*	−1.37*	0.44**	−0.53	−2.53*	1.12**	0.25**	−0.09
	(0.25)	(0.65)	(1.33)	(0.38)	(0.08)	(0.61)	(0.15)	(0.56)	(1.01)	(0.28)	(0.08)	(0.35)
% Medicare admits	0.002	−0.05*	0.15**	0.006	−0.001	0.17**	0.003	0.03	0.14**	0.004	−0.007*	0.10**
	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.01)	(0.004)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.002)	(0.01)
RN per admission	0.35*	0.53	1.01	0.52*	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.11	0.40	0.29	0.04	−0.22
	(0.15)	(0.39)	(0.82)	(0.21)	(0.04)	(0.37)	(0.09)	(0.33)	(0.59)	(0.16)	(0.04)	(0.20)
Low volume quarterly	−0.97**	−1.09	−0.46	−0.31	−0.07	0.8	−1.21**	−0.78	−0.01	−0.17	−0.1	0.47
	(0.30)	(0.93)	(1.17)	(0.44)	(0.09)	(0.42)	(0.24)	(0.84)	(1.03)	(0.39)	(0.09)	(0.34)
High volume quarterly	0.94**	1.14*	0.35	0.22	0.06	0.000	0.70**	0.21	−0.06	0.11	0.07	0.38
	(0.18)	(0.56)	(0.89)	(0.30)	(0.07)	(1.06)	(0.18)	(0.55)	(0.90)	(0.29)	(0.08)	(1.14)
P4P × low volume	−1.56*	−0.89	3.94	0	−0.35	1.12	−0.78	1.29	2.38	−0.29	−0.44	−0.22
	(0.73)	(2.23)	(3.11)	(1.09)	(0.27)	(1.13)	(0.55)	(1.90)	(2.62)	(0.97)	(0.29)	(0.79)
P4P × high volume	−0.76*	−1.51	−3.76	0.01	−0.02	2.14	−0.66	−1.02	−1.75	0.29	0.07	1.9
	(0.37)	(1.31)	(2.40)	(0.66)	(0.19)	(1.60)	(0.35)	(1.22)	(2.35)	(0.66)	(0.21)	(1.70)
Initial performance quintile and interaction	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R2	0.15	0.06	0.14	0.16	0.06	0.35	0.51	0.2	0.41	0.42	0.09	0.69

Note. Robust standard errors in parentheses. 987 hospitals engaged in some form of voluntary public reporting prior in 2003.

^*Significant at 5%.

^**Significant at 1%.

RN, registered nurses.