Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Predictors by Hospitalization Status of At-Risk Period
| First Observation | Subsequent Observations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospitalized N=217,697 | Not Hospitalized N=2,178,622 | Hospitalized N=190,837 | Not Hospitalized N=789,920 | |
| Term | Mean ± Standard Deviation (for Nonbinary Variables) | |||
| Resident level | ||||
| Personal characteristics | ||||
| Male | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.32 |
| African American | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.15 |
| Not white or African American | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
| Married | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
| Daily life | ||||
| Severe physical functioning | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 0.84 |
| Moderate physical functioning | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| Severe cognitive functioning | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.32 |
| Moderate cognitive functioning | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.40 |
| Bladder incontinent | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.58 | 0.59 |
| Bowel incontinent | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.53 |
| Restrained by bedrails | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.54 |
| Has trunk, limb, or chair restraints | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Restrained by bedrails and either trunk, limb, or chair restraints | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Special treatment, procedures, and programs | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.55 |
| Nutritional approaches: Feeding tube use | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.13 |
| Nutritional approaches: Parenteral IV | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Medication count | 9.2 ± 4.3 | 8.2 ± 4.1 | 9.5 ± 4.3 | 8.8 ± 4.2 |
| Chronic conditions | ||||
| Edema | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| Stage 1 pressure ulcer | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Stage 2 + pressure ulcer | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.19 |
| Unstable condition | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
| Alzheimer's or dementia | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.49 |
| Anemia | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.27 |
| Cancer | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.28 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.19 |
| Daily pain | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.30 |
| Dysrhythmia | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
| Internal bleeding | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Neurological disease | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.42 |
| Other cardiology disease | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.75 |
| Changes since last assessment | ||||
| Weight loss | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
| New medication | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.64 |
| Number of days physician ordered changes to care needs | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.69 |
| Abnormal lab result | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.74 |
| More self-sufficient (less support) | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
| Less self-sufficient (more support) | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.15 |
| Mood status deteriorated | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Problem swallowing | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.22 |
| Diarrhea | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Shortness of breath | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| Vomiting | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Acute conditions currently affecting activities of daily living | ||||
| Accident: Fall | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.27 |
| Accident: Nonhip fracture | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Accident: Hip fracture | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Acute episode or flare-up of chronic problem | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
| Infection | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.27 |
| Pneumonia | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Resident preferences | ||||
| Do-not-hospitalize directive | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| Do-not-resuscitate directive | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.52 |
| Discharge from nursing home planned | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Financial implications | ||||
| Current length of stay >100 straight days | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.83 | 0.85 |
| Medicare payer | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.55 |
| Medicaid payer | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.27 |
| Nursing home level | ||||
| Resident welfare | ||||
| Total number of deficiencies (in 10 s) | 0.41 ± 0.41 | 0.42 ± 0.41 | 0.43 ± 0.41 | 0.45 ± 0.43 |
| Yearly case mix index | 0.99 ± 0.11 | 0.98 ± 0.11 | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 0.99 ± 0.10 |
| Total number of beds at home | 262 ± 156 | 255 ± 160 | 256 ± 159 | 256 ± 163 |
| FTE direct care RN staff per bed (in 10 s) | 0.55 ± 0.43 | 0.57 ± 0.43 | 0.62 ± 0.50 | 0.63 ± 0.48 |
| Financial implications | ||||
| Government-owned nursing home | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| Not-for-profit nursing home | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.40 |
| Inpatient days paid for by Medicaid per resident (in 100 s) | 0.83 ± 1.00 | 0.80 ± 0.89 | 0.87 ± 1.75 | 0.83 ± 1.56 |
| Percent Medicare patients (annual) | 0.52 ± 0.21 | 0.51 ± 0.21 | 0.55 ± 0.21 | 0.54 ± 0.21 |
| Percent Medicaid patients (annual) | 0.24 ± 0.18 | 0.24 ± 0.19 | 0.25 ± 0.18 | 0.24 ± 0.17 |
Notes. First observation refers to the time period up to and (if applicable) including a resident's first hospitalization. Subsequent observations are from the time period following the first hospitalization. FTE, full-time equivalent; RN, registered nurse.