Table 3.

Effects on Time between Hospitalizations

	Statistic
Term	Coefficient	z	p>|z|
Resident level
Personal characteristics
Male	−0.20	−30.1	0
African American	−0.01	−0.6	.55
Not white or African American	0.05	3.9	0
Married	−0.06	−8.1	0
Daily life
Severe physical functioning	−0.16	−12.1	0
Moderate physical functioning	−0.06	−3.9	0
Severe cognitive functioning	−0.13	−11.4	0
Moderate cognitive functioning	−0.03	−3.6	0
Bladder incontinent	0.06	6.6	0
Bowel incontinent	−0.10	−10.7	0
Restrained by bedrails	−0.02	−2.0	.048
Has trunk, limb, or chair restraints	−0.04	−1.5	.132
Restrained by bedrails and either trunk, limb, or chair restraints	0.05	2.7	.008
Special treatment, procedures, and programs	−0.22	−28.6	0
Nutritional approaches: Feeding tube use	−0.16	−12.2	0
Nutritional approaches: Parenteral IV	−0.14	−5.4	0
Medication count	−0.04	−44.3	0
Chronic conditions
Edema	−0.09	−11.5	0
Stage 1 ulcer	−0.09	−6.7	0
Stage 2 + ulcer	−0.24	−30.2	0
Unstable condition	−0.18	−22.4	0
Alzheimer's or dementia	0.10	12.7	0
Anemia	−0.08	−11.1	0
Cancer	−0.18	−18.2	0
Congestive heart failure	−0.18	−23.1	0
Chronic obstructive pulmonry disease	−0.10	−11.7	0
Daily pain	−0.10	−13.2	0
Diabetes mellitus	−0.10	−15.3	0
Dysrhythmia	−0.08	−9.9	0
Internal bleeding	−0.19	−6.2	0
Neurological disease	0.07	10.0	0
Other cardiology disease	−0.03	−4.0	0
Changes since last assessment
Weight loss	−0.10	−11.0	0
New medication	−0.05	−6.2	0
Number of days physician ordered changes to care needs	−0.26	−28.1	0
Abnormal lab result	−0.08	−10.3	0
More self-sufficient (less support)	0.08	8.2	0
Less self-sufficient (more support)	−0.15	−17.7	0
Mood status deteriorated	−0.11	−8.3	0
Symptoms
Problem swallowing	−0.10	−10.1	0
Diarrhea	−0.15	−9.8	0
Shortness of breath	−0.30	−25.2	0
Vomiting	−0.27	−13.8	0
Acute conditions currently affecting activities of daily living
Accident: Fall	−0.02	−3.1	.002
Accident: Nonhip fracture	0.14	9.8	0
Accident: Hip fracture	0.21	15.9	0
Acute episode or flare-up of chronic problem	−0.17	−16.4	0
Infection	−0.10	−13.7	0
Pneumonia	−0.03	−2.4	.017
Resident preferences
Do-not-hospitalize directive	0.90	23.0	0
Do-not-resuscitate directive	0.13	17.9	0
Discharge from nursing home planned	−0.09	−10.4	0
Financial implications
Current length of stay >100 straight days	0.86	97.2	0
Medicare payer	−0.11	−14.3	0
Medicaid payer	0.04	4.0	0
Past hospitalizations
At least one previous hospitalization	−0.54	−18.7	0
Log no past hospitalizations if >0	−2.67	−88.8	0
Interactions
Past hospitalization × Number of days care-needs orders changed	0.19	8.8	0
Past hospitalization × More self-sufficient	−0.29	−13.2	0
Past hospitalization × Less self-sufficient	0.02	0.7	.502
Past hospitalization × Unstable condition	0.15	7.7	0
Past hospitalization × Cancer	0.12	4.3	0
Past hospitalization × Congestive heart failure	0.10	5.2	0
Past hospitalization × Shortness of breadth	0.16	5.6	0
Constants
Intercept	6.65	55.4	0
1999 year	−0.06	−4.5	0
2000 year	−0.09	−6.6	0
2001 year	−0.09	−6.6	0
2002 year	−0.09	−6.5	0
2003 year	−0.11	−6.5	0
2004 year	−0.18	−8.4	0
Variance (within residents)	1.35	116.4	0
Nursing home level
Resident welfare
Total number of deficiencies (in 10 s)	−0.06	−5.7	0
Yearly case mix index	−0.21	−2.5	.014
Total number of beds at home	0.00	0.1	.954
FTE direct care RN staff per bed	0.03	0.4	.669
Financial implications
Government-owned nursing home	−0.31	−5.7	0
Not-for-profit nursing home	−0.04	−1.2	.243
Inpatient days paid for by Medicaid per resident	−0.67	−3.2	.002
Percent Medicare patients (annual)	0.03	0.9	.389
Percent Medicaid patients (annual)	0.06	1.3	.197
Variance (between residents)	0.05	47.10	0

Notes. Random frailty effects were included for each resident to account for correlation between repeated observations of time to hospitalization made on the same resident.