Table 1.
Stages of chronic renal disease defined by the National Kidney Foundation of the U.S.A. according to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR, in mL/min per 1.73 m2 of body surface), and common manifestations observed in each stage.
| Stage | GFR | Common symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ≥ 90* | - |
| 2 | 60-90* | ↑ Parathyroid hormone, ↓renal calcium reabsorption |
| 3 | 30-59 | Left ventricular hypertrophy, anemia secondary to erythropoietin deficiency |
| 4 | 15-29 | ↑ Serum triglycerides, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, fatigue, nausea, anorexia, bone pain |
| 5 | < 15 | Renal failure: severe uremic symptoms |
*CKD is defined as either GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months or a GFR above those values in the presence of evidence of kidney damage such as abnormalities in blood or urine (e.g proteinuria) tests or imaging studies. ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.