Table 1.
Parameters of GABAergic and peptidergic neurotransmission altered after kainic acid–induced status epilepticus and in temporal lobe epilepsy
| Kainic acid model (rat) |
TLE (humans) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute (status) | Chronic (epilepsy) | References | ||
| Parameters of GABAergic transmission | ||||
| Glutamate decarboxylase | ||||
| (GAD67, GAD65) | ||||
| Enzyme activity | ↓ | ↑ | nd | Sperk et al., 1983 |
| mRNA | ↑ | ↑ | Esclapez & Houser, 1999; Sperk et al., 2003 | |
| Histochemistry | sprouting | sprouting | Furtinger et al., 2001 | |
| Ectopic expression in mossy fibers | + | + | + | Schwarzer & Sperk, 1995 |
| Vesicular GABA transporter | − | − | Sperk et al., 2003 | |
| GAT-1 (molecular layer) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Sperk et al., 2003; Mathern et al., 1999 |
| GABAA receptor in dentate gyrus | ||||
| Subunit α1 | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | Sperk, 2007; Pirker et al., 2003; Loup et al., 2000 |
| Subunit α2 | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | Sperk, 2007; Loup et al., 2000 |
| Subunit α3 | − | − | ↑ | Sperk, 2007; Pirker et al., 2003; Loup et al., 2000 |
| Subunit α4 | − | ↑ | (↑) | Sperk, 2007 |
| Subunit α5 | ↓ | − | ↑ | Sperk, 2007 |
| Subunit β2 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ ↑ | Sperk, 2007; Pirker et al., 2003 |
| Subunit β3 | − | ↑ | ↑ ↑ | Sperk, 2007; Pirker et al., 2003 |
| Subunit γ2 | − | ↑ | ↑ | Sperk, 2007; Pirker et al., 2003; Loup et al., 2000 |
| Subunit δ | ↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ | ↑ | Sperk, 2007 |
| GABAB receptors in dentate gyrus | ||||
| GABABR. 1 and GABABR-2 | ↓ | (↑) | ↑ | Furtinger et al., 2003a; Furtinger et al., 2003b |
| Parameters of peptidergic transmission | ||||
| Dynorphin | ||||
| Dentate gyrus (granule cells) | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ ↑ |
Douglass et al., 1991; Houser et al., 1990; Pirker et al., 2001 |
| Neuropeptide Y (mRNA/peptide) | ||||
| Dentate gyrus | ||||
| Interneurons | ↑/↓ | ↑/↑ | ↑/↑ (cell loss) | Sperk, 1994; Furtinger et al., 2001 |
| Mossy fiber | ↑/− | ↑/↑ | −/− |
Furtinger et al., 2001; Sperk et al., 1992; Vezzani et al., 1999 |
| CA1/Subiculum | ↑/− | ↑/↑ (pyramidal neurons) | ↑/↑ (interneurons) |
Furtinger et al., 2001; Vezzani & Sperk, 2004 |
| Y2 receptors (mossy fibers) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑/↑ | Furtinger et al., 2001; Sperk et al., 1992 |
| Somatostatin | ||||
| Dentate gyrus | ↑/↓ | ↑/↑ | ↑/↑ (cell loss) | Furtinger et al., 2001; Marksteiner et al., 1992 |
| CA1/Subiculum | ↑/− | ↑/↑ (interneurons and pyr. neurons) |
↑ (interneurons, sprouting |
Drexel, in preparation |
| SSR-2 receptors | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | Moneta et al., 2002; Csaba et al., 2005 |
| Neurokinin B (dentate granule cells) | ↑ | ↑ | nd | Marksteiner et al., 1992 |
| Galanin (dentate granule cells) | ↑ | nd | Mazarati et al., 1998; Mazarati et al., 2004 | |
↑, increased ↑↑, markedly increased; (↑), not significantly increased; ↓, decreased; ↓↓, markedly decreased; not altered; ↑/↓, ↑/−, different results, depending on the study cited.