Kinetics of Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. NHPs were vaccinated as described in Table 1 and challenged with SIVmac239. (a) PBMCs from animals from group 1 (top), and the two control groups (bottom) were stimulated with SIVgag peptide pools and tested for production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α at various time points postimmunization. Lines show the percentage of the sum of CD8+ T cells producing the tested cytokines alone or in combinations, over all CD8+ T cells for individual animals. Gray filled lines represent means of the two groups. (b) Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses from blood of the two vaccinated Mamu-A01+ animals (#4327 and #4592) and the Mamu-A01+ control animal (#4607) were tested over time by staining of T cells with a Gag-specific tetramer and antibodies to CD3 and CD8. Graph shows tetramer+CD8+ T cells over all CD8+ T cells. (c) Production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α by CD4+ T cells isolated from blood of vaccinated (upper graph) and control (lower graph) animals at various time points postimmunization was measured by ICS. Lines show the percentage of the sum of CD4+ T cells producing the tested cytokines alone or in combinations, over all CD4+ T cells for individual animals. Gray filled lines represent means of each group. AdC6, AdC vector derived from serotype 6; AdC7, AdC vector of serotype 7; IFN-γ, interferon-γ IL-2, interleukin; MVA, modified vaccinia Ankara; NHP, nonhuman primate; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.