Table 1.

An overview of the data presented in this review assessing the relative contribution of each phenotype to diarrhea for each pathogen presented

Pathogen	Type	Symptoms	Duration	Inflammation	Increased secretion	Tight junctions	Decreased absorption	Loss of cells*
Vibrio cholerae	gram (−)	profuse watery diarrhea	3–4 days	+	+++	+++	+++	−
Clostridium difficile	gram (+)	diarrhea + fever	3 days+	+++	++	+++	+	++
Shigella species	gram (-)	diarrhea + fever	5–7 days	+++	+	+++	?	+
Escherichia coli (EPEC)	gram (−)	diarrhea	1–3 weeks	+	−	+++	+++	−
Rotavirus	dsRNA	vomiting + diarrhea + fever	3–8 days	−	+	++	+++	+
Norovirus	(+) RNA	vomiting + diarrhea	1–2 days	+	++	+++	?	+++
Astrovirus	(+) RNA	vomiting + diarrhea + fever	1–4 days	+	?	++	?	++
Giardia	protozoan	diarrhea	2–6 weeks	−	+	+++	++	+++
Entamoeba histolytica	protozoan	diarrhea	weeks to months	++	++	++	?	+++

^*Loss of cells includes shortening of villi.