Table. Toxoplasmosis antibody studies of psychiatric patients.
| Y | Author and country | Test used | Patients | Controls | % Patients antibody positive | % Controls antibody positive | p value chi square | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before 1980 | ||||||||
| 1953 | Kozar (15) Poland | Skin test | Psychiatric inpatients, all diagnoses | Healthy persons, ages 18–60 | 52 (495/961) | 25 (170/681) | <0.0001 | |
| 1956 | Vojtechovská et al. (16) Czechoslovakia | Skin test | Inpatients with “psychosis” | General population | 59 (68/116) | 30 (not specified) | <0.0001 | |
| 1956 | Wende (17) East Germany | Dye test | Inpatients with schizophrenia | Inpatients with neurologic disorders | 8 (3/38) | 5 (24/520) | 0.418 | |
| 1957 | Jirovec et al. (18) Czechoslovakia | Skin test | Inpatients with schizophrenia | Normal population | 48 (238/501) | 29 (286/970) | <0.0001 | |
| 1958 | Buentello (19) Mexico | Color change in fish | Inpatients with schizophrenia | Normal subjects | 69 (29/42) | 0 (0/60) | <0.0001 | |
| 1958 | Caglieris (20) Italy | Dye test | Inpatients with schizophrenia | Normal subjects | 21 (13/61) | 15 (12/81) | 0.376 | |
| 1961 | Cook & Derrick (21) Australia | Dye test C.F. | Inpatients with schizophrenia | General population | 36 (19/53) ≥1:16 11 (6/53) ≥1:4 | 24 (182/760) 13 (99/760) | 0.053 0.840 | |
| 1962 | Yegerov et al. (22) Russia | Skin test C.F. | Inpatients with schizophrenia | Hospital employees | 19 (7/37) 32 (12/37) | 4 (1/25) 28 (7/25) | 0.124 0.784 | |
| 1962 | Avlavidov (23) Bulgaria | Skin test C.F. | Psychiatric inpatients, not specified | Female surgical patients | 26 (5/19) 21 (3/14) | 3 (1/35) 9 (3/34) | 0.017 0.339 | |
| 1966 | Berengo et al. (24) Italy | Dye test | Inpatients with schizophrenia | General population | 14 (76/560) | 4% (49/1200) | <0.0001 | |
| 1966 | Roch & Varela (25) Mexico | Dye test | Schizophrenia, hospital status not specified | General population | 86% (836/973) | 30% (4,411/14,689) | <0.0001 | |
| 1968 | Garrido & Redondo (26) Spain | C.F. | Inpatients with schizophrenia | General population | 44 (17/39) | 29 (147/500) | 0.072 | |
| 1979 | Garcia (27) Cuba | Skin test | Psychiatric inpatients | Normal persons | 60 (60/100) | 30 (30/100) | <0.0001 | |
| Since 1999 | ||||||||
| 1999 | Qiuying et al. (28) China | EIA | Inpatients with schizophrenia | Normal persons from same region for routine physicals | 14 (22/152) | 10 (41/396) | 0.181 | |
| 2001 | Gu et al. (29) China | EIA | First-episode schizophrenia | Normal controls matched for age, sex, birthplace | 33 (45/135) | 9 (4/43) | 0.002 | |
| 2001 | Yolken et al. (30) Germany | EIA: IgG or IgM | First-episode schizophrenia | Normal controls matched for age, sex, SES | 42 (16/38) | 11 (3/27) | 0.007 | |
| 2002 | Boronow et al. (31) United States | EIA | Outpatients with schizophrenia | Normal controls matched for age | 12 (28/229) | 7 (7/100) | 0.147 | |
| 2003 | Leweke et al. (32) Germany | EIA | First-episode schizophrenia, never treated | Normal controls matched for age, sex, SES | 36 (13/36) | 14 (10/73) | <0.007 | |
| 2003 | Torrey & Yolken (unpub. data) Ireland | EIA | Inpatients with schizophrenia | Hospital employees | 60 (31/52) | 45 (9/20) | 0.299 | |
C.F., complement fixation; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; Ig, immunoglobulin; SES, socioeconomic status.