Table 1. Multiple reports for ten cohort studies.
Study | Cohort Type | Author Name | Year | Age T1 (y) | Age T2 (y) | Final Sample Size (n) | Follow-up Rate (%) | T1 Adolescent Behavioural Variable(s) | T2 Adult Outcomes | Stronger Capacity for Causal Inference |
British Cohort Study | National birth cohort | Viner | 2007 | 16 | 30 | 4,911 | 81 | Binge drinking; frequent regular drinking | Social class; AD (CAGE); weekly AU above recommended limits; illicit drug use; heavy smoking; psychological morbidity; mental health problems; homelessness; conviction; education; pregnancy, significant accidents | No |
Cable | 2008 | 16 | 30 | 13,919 | Not clear | AU frequency and quantity - in typologies | AD (CAGE) | No | ||
CHDS | Local birth cohort | Wells | 2004 | 16 | 21 | 859 | 90 | AU frequency and quantity, problems (modified Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index) to form a latent class | AU, AA, AD; nicotine and illicit drug dependence; mental health outcomes; education and employment; sexual relationships; offending | Yes |
Wells | 2006 | 18 | 21 | 983 | 96 | AUD (AA and AD) | AUD (AA and AD) | Yes | ||
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study | Local birth cohort | Casswell | 1997 | 18 | 21 | 770 | 84 | AU frequency and quantity | AU frequency and quantity, related problems (latent variable) | No |
McGee | 2000 | 15, 18 | 21 | 871 | Not clear | AU at both ages | Mental disorder; cannabis use | No | ||
MFCS | National school cohort | Schulenberg | 1996 | 18 | 23/24 | 6,862 | 63 | Binge drinking | Binge drinking | No |
Merline | 2004 | 18 | 35 | 10,225 | 61 | Heavy drinking | Heavy drinking | No | ||
Merline | 2008 | 18 | 22; 26; 35 | 21,137a | 80 | AU frequency and heavy drinking | AU frequency and heavy drinking: AA and AD (DSM) (measured only at age 35) | Yes | ||
National Child Development Study | National birth cohort | Ghodsian | 1987 | 16 | 23 | 9,337 | 79 | AU frequency and quantity | AU quantity and frequency | No |
Power | 1990 | 16 | 23 | 12,311 | 76 | AU frequency and quantity | AU frequency and quantity; employment variables | No | ||
Jefferis | 2005 | 16 | 23; 33; 42 | 9,527, 8,620, 8,600 | 79, 72, 72 | Binge drinking | Binge drinking | No | ||
Maggs | 2008 | 16 | 23 | Not clear | Not clear | AU weekly quantity | AU weekly quantity | Yes | ||
Staff | 2008 | 16 | 42 | 9,107 | 76 | AU weekly quantity (categorised) | Educational attainment | Yes | ||
RAND Adolescent/Young Adult Panel (Project ALERT) | School cohort | Tucker | 2003 | 18 | 23 | 1,534b | 71 | AU frequency on 0–11 scale | Regular smoking | No |
D'Amico | 2005 | 18 | 23; 29 | 1,986 | 30 | AU as above | AUD (DSM) | No | ||
Bogart | 2005 | 18 | 29 | 1,138c | Not clear | AU as above | AU quantity and frequency; negative consequences; heavy episodic drinking | Yes | ||
Bogart | 2007 | 18 | 29 | 2,376 | Not clear | AU as above | Life satisfaction | Yes | ||
Collins | 2007 | 18 | 29 | 454d | Not clear | AU as above | Marital status (divorce) | No | ||
Seattle Social Development Project | School cohort | Guo | 2001 | 16 | 21 | Approx. 759 | Approx. 94 | AU any in past month | AUD and AD (DSM) | No |
Oesterle | 2008 | 15–18 | 21; 24; 27 | 773 | 96 | Heavy episodic drinking | Positive functioning; AUD (DSM) | No | ||
SCS | National conscription for military service | Andreasson | 1988 | 18–20 | 33–35 | 49,464 | 99 | AU weekly quantity (categorised) | Mortality | Yes |
Andreasson | 1990 | 18–20 | 33–35 | 8,226e | 95–99 | AU as above | Hospitalisation for accidents, or gastro-intestinal, respiratory, musculo-skeletal, or infectious disorders | Yes | ||
Andreasson | 1991a | 18–20 | 38–40 | 49,464 | 99 | AU as above | Mortality | Yes | ||
Andreasson | 1991b | 18–20 | 33–35 | 49,464 | 99 | AU as above | Psychiatric hospital admission | Yes | ||
Andreasson | 1993 | 18–20 | 33–35 | 49,464 | 99 | AU as above | Hospital admission for alcoholism | Yes | ||
Stattin | 1995 | 18–20 | 33–35 | 7,577e | 99 | Composite problems measure (incl. AU, hangover, intoxication, relief drinking, arrested drunk) | Criminal convictions, mortality | Yes | ||
Karlsson | 1997 | 18–20 | 25–27 | 8,122e | 99 | AU quantity, intoxication and hangover regularity, relief drinking | Drink driving; public drunkenness | Yes | ||
Romelsjo | 1999 | 18–20 | 43–45 | 49,618 | 99 | AU daily quantity (categorised) | Mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke | Yes | ||
Stenbacka | 2003 | 18–20 | 45–47 | 7,577e | 93 | Composite problems measure (incl. AU, hangover, intoxication, relief drinking, arrested drunk) | Hospitalisation or mortality for alcohol or drugs (separately) | Yes | ||
UCLA Longitudinal Study of Growth and Development | School cohort | Locke | 2001 | 18 | 26; 35 | 426 | Not clear | Latent alcohol involvement factor (AU quantity and frequency, drinking at school/work, intoxication) | Latent alcohol involvement factor (as in adolescence except AUD replacing intoxication measure); latent dysphoria factor | No |
Locke | 2003 | 18 | 26; 35 | 305f | Not clear | Latent alcohol involvement factor (as above) | Latent alcohol involvement and dysphoria factors as above at age 26, age 35 marital satisfaction, perceived opportunity, divorce, relationship and job satisfaction, job stability | No | ||
Locke | 2004 | 18 | 26; 35 | 305f | Not clear | Latent alcohol involvement factor (as above) | Latent alcohol involvement and dysphoria factors as above | No | ||
Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort | School cohort | Bonomo | 2004 | 15–17 | 20/21 | 1,601 | 82 | AU frequency and binge drinking | AD | No |
Patton | 2007 | 15–17 | 24 | 1,520 | 78 | AU quantity (categorised) | AU, weekly/daily cannabis use concurrent high risk alcohol/cannabis use, education, employment, relationships, parenthood, tobacco smoking, other drug use and problems measures | No |
AA, alcohol abuse; AD, alcohol dependence; AU, alcohol use; AUD, alcohol use disorder; Beh, behaviour.
Selected those who completed first postschool follow-up.
Nonweekly smokers only.
Women not married at age 18 only.
Married by age 23 only.
Stockholm County only.
Women only.