Table 2.
Crude Rates of Birth Outcomes and Infant Mortality for First Nations and Non-First Nations in Urban Areas and in Rural Areas by Degree of Urban Influence, Manitoba 1991–2000
| Outcome | Rural by Urban Influence† |
Urban | P Values, Tests for Differences Trends‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Weak | Moderate/Strong | ||||
| First Nations | ||||||
| All live births, N | 5,507 | 8,623 | 1,899 | 9,114 | ||
| Preterm birth, % | 7.5 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 9.1 | .001 | .0002 |
| SGA birth, % | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 8.7 | .0003 | <.0001 |
| Low birth weight, % | 4.7 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 6.0 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| High birth weight, % | 18.8 | 20.2 | 21.9 | 18.9 | .005 | .69 |
| LGA birth, % | 18.1 | 18.3 | 19.7 | 17.1 | .02 | .06 |
| Neonatal death, per 1,000 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.3 | .32 | .15 |
| Postneonatal death, per 1,000 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 4.8 | 6.2 | .82 | .81 |
| Infant death, per 1,000 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 7.9 | 9.5 | .74 | .48 |
| Non-First Nations | ||||||
| All live births, N | 2,958 | 17,862 | 18,534 | 86,375 | ||
| Preterm birth, % | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 7.8 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| SGA birth, % | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 10.5 | .0003 | .0003 |
| Low birth weight, % | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.9 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| High birth weight, % | 18.8 | 17.3 | 15.6 | 13.1 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| LGA birth, % | 15.0 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 10.6 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Neonatal death, per 1,000 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.0 | .02 | .004 |
| Postneonatal death, per 1,000 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.6 | .05 | .06 |
| Infant death, per 1,000 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 4.6 | .007 | .0006 |
*
P <.05.
†
Urban influence was determined according to work force commuting flows between rural areas and urban centers.
‡
Two-sided P values in chi-square tests for differences and Cochran-Armitage tests for trends across the 4 strata: rural no urban influence, rural weak urban influence, rural moderate/strong urban influence, and urban areas.