Table 2.
Mean levels of cardiovascular factors in offspring exposed and not exposed to maternal diabetes in utero
| Cardiovascular characteristic | Offspring of diabetic pregnancy | Offspring of non-diabetic pregnancy | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| E-selectin (ng/ml)a | |||
| Model 1 | 1.8 | 1.4 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.7 | 1.4 | <0.0001 |
| Model 3 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.0001 |
| VCAM1 (ng/ml) | |||
| Model 1 | 53.8 | 48.4 | 0.005 |
| Model 2 | 54.0 | 49.2 | 0.02 |
| Model 3 | 54.4 | 49.2 | 0.008 |
| BMI z score | |||
| Model 1 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 0.26 |
| Model 3 | – | – | – |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Model 1 | 68.5 | 64.2 | 0.0003 |
| Model 2 | 66.8 | 64.2 | 0.02 |
| Model 3 | 65.1 | 64.1 | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Model 1 | 106 | 104 | 0.05 |
| Model 2 | 105 | 104 | 0.17 |
| Model 3 | 105 | 104 | 0.38 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml)a | |||
| Model 1 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 0.06 |
| Model 3 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 0.12 |
| Leptin (ng/ml)a | |||
| Model 1 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 0.09 |
| Model 3 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 0.35 |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Tanner stage, household income and maternal education
Model 2: model 1 plus adjustment for maternal prepregnancy BMI
Model 3: model 2 plus adjustment for offspring attained BMI
a
Geometric means reported