Table 3.
Average number of food group servings of fully breastfeeding, mixed feeding and formula feeding groups in the Active Moms Postpartum Study compared to MyPyramid recommendations.
| Food Groups | Fully Breastfeeding (n=160) | Mixed Feeding (n= 128) | Formula Feeding (n=162) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recommended | Consumed | Recommended | Consumed | Recommended | Consumed | |
| Fruits | 4 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 4 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 4 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| Vegetables | 6.5 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 6 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 6 | 2.3 ± 0.1 |
| Vegetables | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | |||
| Fried potatoes | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | |||
| Legumes | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |||
| Starchy vegetables | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | |||
| Grains | 9 | 6.7 ± 0.2 a | 7 | 6.0 ± 0.2 a b | 7 | 5.0 ± 0.2 b |
| Whole wheat and some whole wheat grains | 4.5 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 3.5 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 3.5 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
| Refined grains | 4.3 ± 0.2 a | 4.3 ± 0.2 a | 3.5 ± 0.2 b | |||
| Snack chips | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | |||
| Protein | 6.5 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 6 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 6 | 5.2 ± 0.2 |
| Beef and pork | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | |||
| Poultry | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | |||
| Fish | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | |||
| Cold cuts and sausage | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | |||
| Eggs | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | |||
| Nuts and seeds | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | |||
| Meat alternatives | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | |||
| Dairy | 3 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 3 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
| Milk: whole and 2% | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | |||
| Milk: 1% and skim | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | |||
| Cheese | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | |||
| Yogurt | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | |||
| Cream | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | |||
| Fats | 8 | 3.5 ± 0. 2 | 6 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 6 | 2.5 ± 0.4 |
| Beverages | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | |||
| Regular soft drinks | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | |||
| Diet soft drinks, unsweetened tea and coffee | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | |||
| Sweetened fruit drinks and tea | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | |||
| Alcoholic beverages | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||
| Sauces and condiments | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | |||
| Pickled foods | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |||
| Desserts Number of fast food meals/week | 1.2 ± 0.1 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.7 ± 1.0 b | |||
| None | 20 (13%) | 22 (17%) | 13 (8%) | |||
| Less than one time | 45 (28%) | 20 (16 %) | 24 (15%) | |||
| 1 time | 45 (28%) | 26 (20%) | 40 (25%) | |||
| 2 times | 30 (19%) | 36 (28%) | 44 (27%) | |||
| 3 to 5 times | 18 (11%) | 21 (16%) | 34 (21%) | |||
| more than 5 times | 2 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 7 (4%) | |||
| Mean ± SE, n (%) | ||||||
Recommended food group servings based on MyPyramid guidelines for reference participants who represents the average AMP participant (sedentary, 165 cm, 89 kg, 31 years old, with a 2month old baby, who was either FB, MF, or FF) (18).
Groups with different letters are significantly different, P ≤ 0.001 (when adjusted for group differences in participant characteristics: pre-pregnancy BMI, race, age, education, income, marital status).