Table 1.
Anthropometric clinical parameters for each subject group
| Subjects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Control (n = 208) group A |
MS without T2DM (n = 174) group B |
T2DM without MS (n = 171) group C |
T2DM with MS (n = 256) group D |
F-test; P-value (A vs. B vs. C vs. D) |
| Ethnics (Malay/Chinese/Indian) | 75/73/60 C* |
62/54/58 NS |
43/62/66 A*, D** |
101/75/80 C** |
11.350; 0.0780 |
| Ages (years) | 55 (54, 56) D* |
54 (53, 55) NS |
55 (54, 56) D* |
53 (52, 54) A*, C* |
2.174; 0.0897 |
| Diabetic medication (oral/injection) | NA | NA | 157/14 | 197/59 | NA |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | NA | NA | 9 (8, 10) | 8 (7, 9) | NA |
| Family history of diabetes (yes/no) | 0/208 | 45/129 | 107/64 | 166/90 | NA |
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 0/208 | 123/51 | 13/158 | 219/37 | NA |
| Dyslipidemia (yes/no) | 0/208 | 174/0 | 0/171 | 244/12 | NA |
| Smoking (yes/no) | 39/169 | 48/126 | 55/116 | 91/165 | NA |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.39 (23.92, 24.87) | 27.18 (26.69, 27.69) | 24.13 (23.60, 24.67) | 28.32 (27.84, 28.78) | 66.309; 2.56 × 10-38 |
| B***, D*** | A***, C***, D** | B***, D*** | A***, B**, C*** | ||
| Waist (cm) | 89 (88, 90) | 96 (95, 97) | 90 (88, 91) | 100 (99, 102) | 91.987; 3.49 × 10-51 |
| B***, D*** | A***, C***, D*** | B***, D*** | A***, B***, C*** | ||
| WHR | 0.898 (0.891, 0.904) | 0.929 (0.921, 0.938) | 0.914 (0.907, 0.922) | 0.952 (0.946, 0.957) | 50.414; 7.33 × 10-30 |
| B***, C***, D*** | A***, C*, D*** | A**, B*, D*** | A***, B***, C*** | ||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133 (130, 135) | 143 (140, 145) | 129 (127, 131) | 136 (134, 138) | 21.188; 3.23 × 10-13 |
| B***, C*, D* | A***, C***, D*** | A*, B***, D*** | A*, B***, C*** | ||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 83 (81, 84) | 88 (87, 90) | 79 (78, 80) | 83 (81, 84) | 30.591; 9.87 × 10-19 |
| B***, C*** | A***, C***, D*** | A***, B***, D*** | B***, C*** | ||
Data are expressed as mean (95% confident interval). ANCOVA test was used, followed by pairwise comparison using 1,000 stratified bootstrap samples with bias corrected and accelerated (BCa) 95% CI for multiple testing bias corrections due to deviation of normality. The p-value was also adjusted for covariate ages with stratified ethnicity. The location of statistically significant differences are displayed as group's name (A, B, C, or D). Diabetic medication are including oral drugs (e.g. Metformin and Rosiglitazon) and/or injection of exogenous insulin. Significant levels: P* < 0.05, P** < 0.01, P*** < 0.001. Note: T2DM = type 2 diabetes; MS = metabolic syndrome; NA = not applicable; NS = not significant.