Table 2.
Metabolic parameters for each subject group
| Subjects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Control (n = 208) group A |
MS without T2DM (n = 174) group B |
T2DM without MS (n = 171) group C |
T2DM with MS (n = 256) group D |
F-test; P-value (A vs. B vs. C vs. D) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.03 (4.91, 5.14) | 5.16 (5.03, 5.29) | 4.68 (4.52, 4.85) | 4.64 (4.50, 4.78) | 12.412; 6.10 × 10-8 |
| C***, D*** | C***, D*** | A***, B*** | A***, B*** | ||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.28 (1.25, 1.31) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.10) | 1.26 (1.22, 1.29) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 62.822; 1.70 × 10-36 |
| B***, D*** | A***, C*** | B***, D*** | A***, C*** | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.14 (3.03, 3.26) | 3.09 (2.95, 3.25) | 2.88 (2.73, 3.04) | 2.69 (2.57, 2.81) | 10.656; 7.11 × 10-7 |
| C**, D*** | C*, D*** | A**, B* | A***, B*** | ||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.31 (1.25, 1.37) | 2.20 (2.07, 2.34) | 1.20 (1.12, 1.27) | 2.02 (1.89, 2.16) | 68.292; 2.40 × 10-39 |
| B***, C*, D*** | A***, C*** | A*, B***, D*** | A***, C*** | ||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.13 (5.05, 5.23) | 5.51 (5.39, 5.63) | 8.04 (7.60, 8.50) | 8.26 (7.94, 8.60) | 118.021; 2.46 × 10-63 |
| B***, C***, D*** | A***, C***, D*** | A***, B*** | A***, B*** | ||
| HbA1C (%) | 5.63 (5.57, 5.69) | 5.82 (5.76, 5.89) | 8.07 (7.78, 8.36) | 8.09 (7.90, 8.28) | 225.382; 4.32 × 10-106 |
| B***, C***, D*** | A***, C***, D*** | A***, B*** | A***, B*** | ||
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 10.99 (10.05, 11.97) | 19.94 (16.95, 23.42) | 14.86 (12.76, 17.04) | 24.32 (20.85, 27.95) | 15.096; 1.45 × 10-9 |
| B***, C**, D*** | A***, C* | A**, B*, D** | A***, C** | ||
Data are expressed as mean (95% confident interval). ANCOVA test was used, followed by pairwise comparison using 1,000 stratified bootstrap samples with bias corrected and accelerated (BCa) 95% CI for multiple testing bias corrections due to deviation of normality. The p-value was also adjusted for covariate ages with stratified ethnicity. The location of statistically significant differences are displayed as group's name (A, B, C, or D). Significant levels: P* < 0.05, P** < 0.01, P*** < 0.001. Note: T2DM = type 2 diabetes; MS = metabolic syndrome.