TABLE 1.

Illustrative Context, Mechanism, and Outcome Configurations: The iConnect Study, United Kingdom

Context	Postulated Mechanism	Postulated Outcome
Example A: Connect2 project to link city center to country park	Now easier and safer to reach park by active modes	Modal shift toward active modes for access to park
	Now easier and safer to reach park by active modes	Increase in overall physical activity associated with visit to park
	Now easier and safer to reach park by active modes	Park users more likely than nonusers to walk or cycle in general after the intervention
	No easier to get anywhere else by active modes	No overall effect on travel to work within city
	Substitution hypothesis: compensatory decrease in activity within park	No change in overall physical activity associated with visit to park
Example B: Connect2 project to link university campus to nearby town	Now easier and safer to reach work by active modes	Modal shift toward active modes for access to work
	No easier to get anywhere else by active modes	No effect on travel for other purposes
	Now easier and safer to reach work by active modes	Net reduction in carbon emissions from private vehicle (car, van, motorcycle) use among employees
	Now easier and safer to reach work by active modes	Net reduction in household car ownership and use (e.g., car given up)
	Now easier and safer to reach work by active modes	Net increase in household expenditure on other activities (potentially carbon intensive) resulting in net increase in household carbon emissions