TABLE 1.
Intervention Group (n = 55),Mean (SE) or % | Control Group (n = 54),Mean (SE) or % | Total (n = 109),Mean (SE) or % | |
Sociodemographic profile at randomization | |||
Maternal age, y | 19.6 (3.9) | 20.3 (5.8) | 19.9 (4.9) |
Maternal education, y | 10.4 (1.8) | 10.0 (1.9) | 10.2 (1.8) |
Maternal IQa | 85.5 (12.4) | 84.2 (10.8) | 84.8 (11.6) |
Two-parent family | 23 | 26 | 24 |
African American | 96 | 100 | 98 |
Maleb | 51* | 43* | 47* |
Outcomes at age 21 y | |||
Has a regular doctor | 51.6 | 48.4 | 59.6 |
Always wears seat belt | 53.6 | 46.4 | 53.9 |
Never drinks and drives | 49.3 | 50.7 | 66.4 |
Never rides with a drinker | 51.0 | 49.0 | 49.0 |
No health problems since age 15 y | 51.3 | 48.7 | 73.1 |
Age began regular smoking, y | |||
11–12 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 1.9 |
13–14 | 3.8 | 7.8 | 5.77 |
15–16 | 11.3 | 17.7 | 14.4 |
Never or ≥ 17 | 81.1 | 70.6 | 76.0 |
Cigarettes per d | |||
≥ 20 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 6.7 |
6–19 | 9.4 | 23.5 | 16.4 |
2–5 | 17.0 | 11.8 | 14.4 |
> 0–1 | 7.6 | 5.9 | 6.7 |
0 | 56.6 | 51.0 | 53.9 |
Age began drinking, y | |||
11–12 | 15.1 | 5.9 | 10.6 |
13–14 | 7.6 | 13.7 | 10.6 |
15–16 | 17.0 | 39.2 | 27.9 |
Never or ≥ 17 | 56.6 | 41.2 | 49.0 |
Binge drinking,c d/mo | |||
≥ 20 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 7.7 |
10–19 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.7 |
6–9 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 10.6 |
3–5 | 11.3 | 3.9 | 7.7 |
0–2 | 60.4 | 72.6 | 66.4 |
Age first tried marijuana, y | |||
9–10 | 3.8 | 9.8 | 6.7 |
11–14 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 6.7 |
15–16 | 13.2 | 23.5 | 18.3 |
Never or ≥ 17 | 73.6 | 58.8 | 66.4 |
No. of marijuana uses in past mo | |||
≥ 40 | 3.8 | 7.8 | 5.7 |
20–39 | 0.0 | 7.8 | 3.9 |
10–19 | 3.8 | 9.8 | 6.7 |
3–9 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 4.8 |
1–2 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 6.7 |
0 | 79.3 | 60.8 | 70.2 |
Never used cocaine | 90.6 | 96.1 | 93.3 |
Average depression score at age 21 yd | 54.1** | 58.6** | 56.3** |
Note. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding.
According to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The national mean is 100, and the standard deviation is 15.
One mother randomized to the treatment group gave birth to twins.
Defined as 5 or more drinks in one sitting.
The depression index score was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory, a 53-item questionnaire that measures various dimensions of affect and psychopathology.21 Comparison was made to a control group.
*P < .1; **P < .05.