Table 2. Average nest attentiveness, recess frequency and recess duration per 24 hrs of uni- and biparentally incubating shorebirds in different climates.
Breeding strategy | Climate | Species | Nest attentiveness | Recess frequency | Recess duration (min) | Method | Ref |
Uni | Arc | Calidris ferruginea | 0.82±0.07 | 21.6±7.4 | 15.3±19.5 | Tnest | [10] |
Uni | Arc | Calidris fuscicollis | 0.83 | 25.1 | 10.5 | camera | [9] |
Uni | Arc | Calidris melanotus | 0.82±0.01 | 28.8±1.4 | 6.0 | Tnest | [20] |
Uni | Arc | Calidris melanotus | 0.85±0.01 | Tnest/Tegg | [50] | ||
Uni | Arc | Calidris melanotus | 0.83±0.06 | 29.9±9.2 | 9.8±9.0 | Tnest | [10] |
Uni | Arc | Calidris minuta | 0.81±0.08 | 26.5±4.4 | 9.4±8.6 | Tnest | [10] |
Uni | Arc | Charadrius morinellus | 0.90±0.03 | Tnest | [52] | ||
Uni | Arc | Charadrius morinellus | 0.83 | Tnest | [53] | ||
Uni | Temp | Gallinago media | 0.90±0.02 | 15.7±6.1 | 8.7±1.9 | Tnest | [54] |
Uni | Arc | Phalaropus fulicarius | 0.87±0.02 | 7.2±1.0 | Tnest | [10] | |
Uni | Arc | Phalaropus fulicarius | 0.81 | 6.6 | camera | [55] | |
Uni | Temp | Rostrathula bengalensis | 0.84 | obs | [56] | ||
Range (excluding this study) | 0.81–0.90 | 15.7–29.9 | 6.0–15.3 | ||||
Uni | Arc | Calidris alba | 0.57±0.1 | 64.6±14.1 | 7.2±2.1 | PIT/Tnest | This study |
Bi | Arc | Calidris alpina | 0.98±0.00 | 6.0±1.0 | Tnest/Tegg | [51] | |
Bi | Arc | Calidris bairdii | 0.97±0.00 | 6.0±1.0 | Tnest/Tegg | [51] | |
Bi | Arc | Calidris pusilla | 1.00±0.00 | 1.5±0.5 | PIT/Tnest | [22] | |
Bi | Arc | Charadrius morinellus | 0.91±0.03 | Tnest | [52] | ||
Bi | Arc | Charadrius morinellus | 0.96 | obs | [53] | ||
Bi* | Temp | Vanellus vanellus | 0.84±0.02 | camera | [57] | ||
Range (excluding this study) | 0.84–0.98 | 1.5–6.0 | |||||
Bi | Arc | Calidris alba | 0.71±0.1 | 38.7±7.2 | 5.1±3.8 | PIT/Tnest | This study |
Bi | Trop | Charadrius alexandrinus | 0.86±0.01 | obs | [58] | ||
Bi | Trop | Charadrius peronii | 0.67 | obs | [59] | ||
Bi | Trop | Charadrius wilsonia | 0.83 | obs | [60] | ||
Bi | Trop | Vanellus coronatus | 0.99 | Tnest/obs | [61] | ||
Bi | Trop | Vanellus lugubris | 0.91 | Tnest/obs | [61] | ||
Bi | Trop | Vanellus melanopterus | 0.89 | Tnest/obs | [61] | ||
Range (excluding this study) | 0.67–0.99 |
Climate is subdivided into arctic (‘Arc’), temperate (‘Temp’) or tropical (Trop'). In bold are the ranges of average values for uniparentals and biparentals in Arctic or temperate regions and for biparentals in tropical regions summarized. They are compared with the values for sanderling based on this study (also in bold). Abbreviations for recording methods refer to visual observation (obs), camera surveillance (camera), recording of nest (Tnest) or egg temperature (Tegg), or recording of presence of PIT-tagged parents (PIT).
*Based on 20 clutches of which two were never attended by a male and were thus uniparental, and 10 others only attended by males during daytime.