Table 2. Average nest attentiveness, recess frequency and recess duration per 24 hrs of uni- and biparentally incubating shorebirds in different climates.

Breeding strategy	Climate	Species	Nest attentiveness	Recess frequency	Recess duration (min)	Method	Ref
Uni	Arc	Calidris ferruginea	0.82±0.07	21.6±7.4	15.3±19.5	Tnest	[10]
Uni	Arc	Calidris fuscicollis	0.83	25.1	10.5	camera	[9]
Uni	Arc	Calidris melanotus	0.82±0.01	28.8±1.4	6.0	Tnest	[20]
Uni	Arc	Calidris melanotus	0.85±0.01			Tnest/Tegg	[50]
Uni	Arc	Calidris melanotus	0.83±0.06	29.9±9.2	9.8±9.0	Tnest	[10]
Uni	Arc	Calidris minuta	0.81±0.08	26.5±4.4	9.4±8.6	Tnest	[10]
Uni	Arc	Charadrius morinellus	0.90±0.03			Tnest	[52]
Uni	Arc	Charadrius morinellus	0.83			Tnest	[53]
Uni	Temp	Gallinago media	0.90±0.02	15.7±6.1	8.7±1.9	Tnest	[54]
Uni	Arc	Phalaropus fulicarius	0.87±0.02		7.2±1.0	Tnest	[10]
Uni	Arc	Phalaropus fulicarius	0.81		6.6	camera	[55]
Uni	Temp	Rostrathula bengalensis	0.84			obs	[56]
Range (excluding this study)			0.81–0.90	15.7–29.9	6.0–15.3
Uni	Arc	Calidris alba	0.57±0.1	64.6±14.1	7.2±2.1	PIT/Tnest	This study
Bi	Arc	Calidris alpina	0.98±0.00		6.0±1.0	Tnest/Tegg	[51]
Bi	Arc	Calidris bairdii	0.97±0.00		6.0±1.0	Tnest/Tegg	[51]
Bi	Arc	Calidris pusilla	1.00±0.00		1.5±0.5	PIT/Tnest	[22]
Bi	Arc	Charadrius morinellus	0.91±0.03			Tnest	[52]
Bi	Arc	Charadrius morinellus	0.96			obs	[53]
Bi*	Temp	Vanellus vanellus	0.84±0.02			camera	[57]
Range (excluding this study)			0.84–0.98		1.5–6.0
Bi	Arc	Calidris alba	0.71±0.1	38.7±7.2	5.1±3.8	PIT/Tnest	This study
Bi	Trop	Charadrius alexandrinus	0.86±0.01			obs	[58]
Bi	Trop	Charadrius peronii	0.67			obs	[59]
Bi	Trop	Charadrius wilsonia	0.83			obs	[60]
Bi	Trop	Vanellus coronatus	0.99			Tnest/obs	[61]
Bi	Trop	Vanellus lugubris	0.91			Tnest/obs	[61]
Bi	Trop	Vanellus melanopterus	0.89			Tnest/obs	[61]
Range (excluding this study)			0.67–0.99

Climate is subdivided into arctic (‘Arc’), temperate (‘Temp’) or tropical (Trop'). In bold are the ranges of average values for uniparentals and biparentals in Arctic or temperate regions and for biparentals in tropical regions summarized. They are compared with the values for sanderling based on this study (also in bold). Abbreviations for recording methods refer to visual observation (obs), camera surveillance (camera), recording of nest (T_nest) or egg temperature (T_egg), or recording of presence of PIT-tagged parents (PIT).

*Based on 20 clutches of which two were never attended by a male and were thus uniparental, and 10 others only attended by males during daytime.