Table 1.

Overview of Social Skills Training Programs in Individuals with Brain Injury

Study	Sample	Design	Study type	Training	Outcome
Helffenstein and Wechsler, 1982	ABI (n = 16)	RCT	Class I	Social skills (IPR)	Improvement in interpersonal and communication skills; limited maintenance at 1-month follow-up
Gajar et al., 1984	TBI (n = 2)	Multiple baseline	Class III	Use of feedback and self-monitoring during conversation	Improvement in positive conversational behaviors
Braunling-McMorrow et al., 1986	Severe TBI (n = 3)	Pre-post test	Class III	Social skills	Improvement in all targeted social skills
Johnson and Newton, 1987	Severe TBI (n = 10)	Pre-post test	Class II	Social skills	No significant improvement in treatment group
Brotherton et al., 1988	Severe TBI (n = 4)	Multiple baseline	Class III	Social skills	Limited improvement or maintenance at 1-year follow-up
O'Reilly et al., 2000	TBI (n = 2)	Multiple baseline	Class III	Work-related problem solving/social skills	Improvement that was maintained at 6-week follow-up
Guercio et al., 2004	TBI (n = 3)	Pre-post test	Class III	Emotion recognition	Improved facial-emotion recognition
Dahlberg et al., 2007	Moderate to severe TBI (n = 52)	RCT	Class I	Social skills	Improvement and maintenance at 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-up
McDonald et al., 2008	ABI (n = 51)	RCT	Class I	Social skills	Limited improvement in social skills
Bornhofen and McDonald, 2008b	Severe TBI (n = 12)	RCT	Class I	Emotion perception	Improved emotion perception and social inferences
Bornhofen and McDonald, 2008c	Severe TBI (n = 18)	RCT	Class I	Emotion perception (EL or SIT)	More improvement in EL group
Radice-Neumann et al., 2009	Severe ABI (n = 19)	RCT	Class I	Emotion perception (FAR or SEI)	More improvement in FAR group

TBI, traumatic brain injury; ABI, acquired brain injury; RCT, randomized controlled trial; IPR, interpersonal process recall; EL, errorless learning; SIT, self-instruction training; FAR, facial affect recognition; SEI, stories of emotional inference.