Table 2.

Leon and Knapp’s recommendations for communication practices to establishing trust and psychosocial support in family members of the critically ill. ⁴⁹

Incorporate a view that families are helpful, resourceful systems that can bring strengths and resources to the clinical situation Take the time to engage and assess each family’s dynamics, needs, patterns, and resources Assess the family system to determine the level of involvement desired in the patient care process Establish a reciprocal relationship or partnership with the family