Table 3.
Multivariable associations between caregiver characteristics, child work status and child labor
| Any work 1 | <21 hrs 2 | 22-27 hrs 2 | Labor 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver gender | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Female | 1.02 | 0.91 | 1.27 | 1.48 | |
| [0.64 - 1.62] | [0.55 - 1.48] | [0.53 - 3.04] | [0.68 - 3.21] | ||
| Caregiver age | 18-35 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| 36-55 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 0.82 | |
| [0.51 - 1.07] | [0.49 - 1.06] | [0.34 - 1.25] | [0.46 - 1.46] | ||
| 56+ | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.8 | |
| [0.39 - 1.22] | [0.36 - 1.20] | [0.25 - 1.52] | [0.35 - 1.82] | ||
| Marital status | Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Widowed | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.46** | |
| [0.50 - 1.11] | [0.56 - 1.30] | [0.32 - 1.32] | [0.26 - 0.81] | ||
| Other | 0.76 | 0.87 | 0.62 | 0.54 | |
| [0.43 - 1.35] | [0.48 - 1.59] | [0.19 - 2.01] | [0.21 - 1.38] | ||
| Caregiver health | Very good or good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Fair | 1.44 | 1.47 | 1.85 | 1.16 | |
| [0.96 - 2.17] | [0.96 - 2.25] | [0.89 - 3.84] | [0.65 - 2.08] | ||
| Poor or very poor | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.71 | |
| [0.41 - 1.11] | [0.40 - 1.08] | [0.28 - 1.67] | [0.34 - 1.45] | ||
| Caregiver education | Less than 7 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| 7 years or more | 1.24 | 1.19 | 1.21 | 1.49 | |
| [0.85 - 1.81] | [0.81 - 1.74] | [0.63 - 2.33] | [0.83 - 2.70] | ||
| Earning an income | Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| No | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.41 | 2.06* | |
| [0.70 - 1.60] | [0.56 - 1.37] | [0.64 - 3.09] | [1.14 - 3.75] | ||
| Wealth index | 0.54** | 0.58** | 0.61 | 0.34** | |
| [0.39 - 0.74] | [0.43 - 0.80] | [0.37 - 1.02] | [0.22 - 0.55] | ||
| # of children caring for | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 0.95 | |
| [0.94 - 1.14] | [0.95 - 1.15] | [0.91 - 1.24] | [0.82 - 1.09] | ||
| Location | Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Rural | 2.79** | 2.44** | 3.27** | 3.60** | |
| [1.83 - 4.25] | [1.60 - 3.73] | [1.71 - 6.26] | [2.02 - 6.41] | ||
*, **, and *** denote significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively
1 relative to no work; estimates from a logistic regression model controlling for site fixed effects
2 relative to no work; estimates from a multinomial logistic regression model controlling for site fixed effects