Table 4.
Multivariable associations between child and caregiver characteristics, work status and labor
| Any work 1 | <21 hrs 2 | 22-27 hrs 2 | Labor 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child gender | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Female | 2.23** | 2.27** | 2.46** | 2.06** | |
| [1.57 - 3.18] | [1.57 - 3.28] | [1.37 - 4.43] | [1.23 - 3.46] | ||
| Relationship | Biological child | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Other | 1.54 | 1.51 | 2.34 | 1.23 | |
| [0.92 - 2.57] | [0.91 - 2.52] | [0.91 - 6.04] | [0.60 - 2.53] | ||
| School enrollment | Enrolled | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Not enrolled | 2.02 | 1.71 | 1.94 | 4.04* | |
| [0.94 - 4.35] | [0.82 - 3.56] | [0.48 - 7.86] | [1.37 - 11.94] | ||
| Caregiver reported | Very good or good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| health of the child | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | |
| Fair | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.88 | 1.05 | |
| [0.75 - 2.16] | [0.74 - 2.21] | [0.80 - 4.42] | [0.52 - 2.11] | ||
| Poor or very poor | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 0.55 | |
| [0.26 - 1.07] | [0.24 - 1.03] | [0.18 - 2.20] | [0.22 - 1.37] | ||
| Child age | 6-7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| 8-10 | 4.05** | 3.55** | 6.84** | 6.70** | |
| [2.68 - 6.13] | [2.33 - 5.41] | [2.79 - 16.78] | [3.24 - 13.84] | ||
| 11-12 | 4.80** | 4.09** | 10.87** | 7.17** | |
| [2.90 - 7.92] | [2.39 - 6.98] | [4.11 - 28.73] | [3.26 - 15.77] | ||
| Caregiver gender | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Female | 1.2 | 1.34 | 1.06 | 0.79 | |
| [0.73 - 1.97] | [0.79 - 2.28] | [0.44 - 2.56] | [0.35 - 1.77] | ||
| Caregiver age | 18-35 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| 36-55 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.77 | |
| [0.46 - 1.02] | [0.44 - 1.02] | [0.28 - 1.13] | [0.42 - 1.42] | ||
| 56+ | 0.48* | 0.45* | 0.35 | 0.66 | |
| [0.24 - 0.94] | [0.22 - 0.94] | [0.12 - 1.02] | [0.26 - 1.68] | ||
| Marital status | Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Widowed | 1 | 1.13 | 1.22 | 0.51 | |
| [0.58 - 1.73] | [0.66 - 1.94] | [0.49 - 3.04] | [0.25 - 1.05] | ||
| Other | 1.01 | 1.14 | 0.91 | 0.66 | |
| [0.54 - 1.87] | [0.59 - 2.21] | [0.26 - 3.26] | [0.24 - 1.81] | ||
| Caregiver health | Very good or good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Fair | 1.51 | 1.56 | 1.79 | 1.23 | |
| [0.97 - 2.36] | [0.97 - 2.52] | [0.81 - 3.96] | [0.65 - 2.32] | ||
| Poor or very poor | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.97 | |
| [0.50 - 1.47] | [0.48 - 1.46] | [0.34 - 2.23] | [0.44 - 2.10] | ||
| Caregiver education | Less than 7 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| 7 years or more | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.06 | |
| [0.97 - 1.09] | [0.96 - 1.08] | [0.92 - 1.12] | [0.97 - 1.16] | ||
| Earning an income | Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| No | 1.12 | 0.95 | 1.52 | 2.26* | |
| [0.72 - 1.76] | [0.59 - 1.52] | [0.67 - 3.44] | [1.20 - 4.23] | ||
| Wealth index | 0.55** | 0.59** | 0.63 | 0.36** | |
| [0.39 - 0.78] | [0.42 - 0.83] | [0.36 - 1.09] | [0.22 - 0.59] | ||
| # of children caring for | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 0.96 | |
| [0.94 - 1.16] | [0.94 - 1.17] | [0.91 - 1.25] | [0.83 - 1.12] | ||
| Location | Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) | ||
| Rural | 3.12** | 2.76** | 3.91** | 3.88** | |
| [1.98 - 4.90] | [1.74 - 4.36] | [1.94 - 7.89] | [2.12 - 7.10] | ||
*, **, and *** denote significance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively
1 relative to no work; estimates from a logistic regression model controlling for site fixed effects
2 relative to no work; estimates from a multinomial logistic regression model controlling for site fixed effects