Table 3.

Etiologies of ischemic stroke complicating pregnancy and the puerperium.

Author, year	Mean age, yrs	N° case	Large artery disease	Cardiac disease N° (%)	Coagulopathy N° (%)	Other causes N° (%)	Pre-eclampsia eclampsia N° (%)	Other pregnancy N° (%)	Unkown N° (%)	Notes
Awada et al., 1995	30	9		3 (33%)*		1(11%)**	1(11%)		4(45%)	*2 valvular heart disease, 1 postpartum cardiomyopathy with atrial fibrillation, *Nephrotic syndrome
Sharshar et al., 1995	30,2	15			1(6,6%)*	1(6,6%)**	7(47%)	2(13,2%)***	4(26,6%)	*Protein S deficiency; **vertebral artery dissection; ***1 postpartum cerebral angiopathy, 1 amniotic fluid embolism
Kittner et al., 1996	27	17		1 (5,9%)*		6 (35,3%)**	4 (23,5%)		6 (35,3%)	*Mitral valve prolapse; **2 primary CNS vasculopathy, 1 cerebral artery dissection, 1 cerebral venous thrombosis, 1 postherpetic vasculitis, 1 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura;
Jiagobin and Silver, 2000	30	13	1 (8%)*	4 (30,7%)**	2 (15,3%)***		3 (23,1)****		6 (46%)	*Carotid artery dissection; *valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, patent foramen ovale; ***deficiencies of protein C, protein S, activated protein C resistance; ****preeclampsia-eclampsia was considered as a risk factor
Skidmore et al., 2001	26,9	21		5 (23,7%)*	2 (9,6%)**	5 (23,7%)***	3 (14,4%)		6 (28,6%)	*1 pedunculated cardiac mass, 2 rheumatic heart disease, 1 valvular heart disease, 1 peripartum cardiomyopathy, **1 protein S deficiency, 1 factor VII anomaly, ***1 cerebral vasculitis, 1 migrainous infarct, 1 mucormycosis, 1 hypotension, 1 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Jeng et al., 2004	28,9	16		9 (56%)*	3 (19%)**	1 (6%)***	1(6%)		2 (13%)	*7 rheumatic heart disease, 2 other heart diseases; **protein S deficiency; ***giant cerebral aneurysm
Liang et al., 2006	31,5	11	1 (9%)	4 (36%)*		3 (27%)**	2 (18%)	1 (9%)***		*2 congenital heart disease, 1 rheumatic heart disease, 1 atrial mixoma; **cerebral venous thrombosis; ***amniotic fluid embolism;