Table 3.

Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Results from Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Item Response Theory (IRT) Methods

Chi-Square (Difference)
Whites Versus Mexican Mexican Americans Whites Versus Blacks Americans Versus Blacks
***
Model	CFA^* (Δ df 5 2)	IRT^† (D df 5 4)	CFA^* (Δ df 5 2)	IRT^† (Δ df 5 4)	CFA^* (Δ df 5 2)	IRT^† (Δ df 5 4)
Baseline model (referent: Item 1)	2,033.9	27,259.1	6,344.6	58,833.0	5,495.8	44,396.8
Comparison models
2. Appetite	10.8	15.6	0.9	80.3^DIF	9.87	33.3^DIF
3. Blues	8.4	13.4	18.2^DIF	18.4^DIF	19.51^DIF	25.8^DIF
4. Good^‡	8.8	3.5	893.0^DIF	346.2^DIF	307.16^DIF	124.0^DIF
5. Mind	5.3	7.8	12.9^DIF	81.4^DIF	14.62^DIF	30.8^DIF
6. Depressed	6.8	7.2	17.6^DIF	39.7^DIF	13.57^DIF	29.6^DIF
7. Effort	5.7	17.2^DIF	52.9^DIF	60.1^DIF	4.52	52.8^DIF
8. Hopeful^‡	10.8	17.8^DIF	41.3^DIF	212.2^DIF	1.68	72.4^DIF
9. Failure	4.9	5.0	32.6^DIF	33.2^DIF	7.8	6.7
10. Fearful	4.5	7.2	31.3^DIF	52.8^DIF	0.8	15.3
11. Sleep	9.6	10.1	6.0	80.8^DIF	2.0	37.3^DIF
12. Happy^‡	14.8^DIF	5.8	214.4^DIF	225.4^DIF	177.4^DIF	53.9^DIF
13. Talked less	0.4	4.3	12.7^DIF	80.1^DIF	2.1	25.4^DIF
14. Lonely	1.2	6.2	7.0	29.9^DIF	1.8	18.2^DIF
15. Unfriendly	29.4^DIF	41.5^DIF	34.5^DIF	24.3^DIF	15.7^DIF	43.0^DIF
16. Enjoyed^‡	33.7^DIF	10.7	619.8^DIF	341.2^DIF	267.8^DIF	97.3^DIF
17. Crying	21.9^DIF	5.0	383.2 ^DIF	105.7^DIF	294.0^DIF	49.1^DIF
18. Sad	0.2	11.6	77.9^DIF	50.6^DIF	20.9^DIF	38.2^DIF
19. Disliked	47.7^DIF	48.5^DIF	146.1^DIF	72.6^DIF	10.8	38.5^DIF
20. Get going	1.4	7.4	17.2^DIF	74.3^DIF	6.3	29.4^DIF
Total number of DIF items	5	4	16	19	9	17

Note: Items in bold are common DIF items across CFA and IRT methods in each cross-racial or -ethnic comparison.

In CFA, DIF flagged if chi-square (χ²) was >11.88.

^†

In IRT, DIF flagged if χ² was >16.31.

^‡

Reverse-coded item.