Table 2.
Presenting psychiatric symptoms among participants who did or did not screen positive for lifetime bipolar disorder symptoms
| SYMPTOMS | ALL PARTICIPANTS (N = 1304*), N (%) | PARTICIPANTS WHO SCREENED POSITIVE (N = 364*), N (%) | PARTICIPANTS WHO SCREENED NEGATIVE (N = 940*), N (%) | UNADJUSTED P VALUE | ADJUSTED RELATIVE RISK† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression‡ | 1127 (88.5) | 335 (95.2) | 792 (82.5) | < .001 | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.17) |
| Anxiety§ | 1067 (82.8) | 332 (89.2) | 745 (80.3) | < .001 | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.15) |
| Addiction|| | 313 (24.5) | 151 (41.5) | 162 (17.7) | < .001 | 1.84 (1.45 to 2.27) |
| History of ADHD | 154 (11.9) | 75 (20.7) | 79 (8.5) | < .001 | 1.97 (1.31 to 2.87) |
| Family history of bipolar disorder | 224 (17.3) | 110 (30.4) | 114 (12.1) | < .001 | 2.28 (1.77 to 2.89) |
| History of suicide attempts¶ | 254 (19.5) | 131 (36.1) | 123 (13.1) | < .001 | 2.06 (1.59 to 2.62) |
Denominators vary owing to missing data.
Logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, education, and region. Adjusted odds ratio was converted to relative risk using the prevalence observed in participants who screened negative.
Depression was defined by symptoms including irritable mood, loss of interest or pleasure, sleep disturbance, loss of energy, fatigue, inability to concentrate, or feelings of guilt.
Anxiety was defined by symptoms including excessive worry, palpitations, feeling “keyed up,” sleep disturbance, irritability, obsessions, compulsions, recurrent flashbacks, or being easy to startle.
Addiction to alcohol, street or prescription drugs, or gambling.
History of suicide attempts recorded by primary care practitioner as yes or no.