Table 1. Regression Results for Income−Consumption (eq 2) in Column 1 and Productivity−Income (eq 4) in Column 2^a.

		(1) Income−Consumption		(2) Income−Productivity		number of countries
		R2	income elasticity b	R2	d
Total Primary Energy Supply—TPES
	total	0.736	0.582 (0.031)	0.590	0.418 (0.031)	131
	fossil	0.691	0.810 (0.048)	0.110	0.190 (0.048)	131
	biomassb	0.000	−0.009 (0.114)	0.387	1.010 (0.114)	125
	otherc	0.466	0.910 (0.092)	0.008	0.090 (0.092)	115
Domestic Energy Consumption—DEC
	total	0.663	0.435 (0.024)	0.768	0.565 (0.024)	164
	fossil	0.731	0.918 (0.044)	0.021	0.082 (0.044)	164
	biomass	0.047	0.082 (0.029)	0.860	0.918 (0.029)	167
	otherc	0.491	0.943 (0.082)	0.003	0.057 (0.082)	140
Domestic Material Consumption—DMC
	total	0.636	0.366 (0.022)	0.840	0.634 (0.022)	155
	fossil	0.690	0.924 (0.049)	0.015	0.076 (0.049)	161
	biomass	0.075	0.104 (0.029)	0.857	0.896 (0.029)	165
	const. min.	0.755	0.491 (0.022)	0.767	0.509 (0.022)	159
	ores/ind. min.	0.417	0.696 (0.073)	0.120	0.304 (0.073)	131
GHG emissions
	fossil CO2	0.729	0.891 (0.043)	0.039	0.109 (0.043)	162

^aR² is the goodness-of-fit, ranging from 0 (no correlation) to 1 (perfect correlation), and can be interpreted as the percentage of variation in log(y) explained by log(x). Values of R² above 0.4 are shown in bold. The values in parentheses are the standard errors of the coefficients.

^bThe TPES biomass category is known as “combustible renewables and waste”, and is a mixture of traditional biomass for heating and high-tech energy recovery from waste incineration.

^cThe “other” energy category includes all nonfossil nonbiomass energy sources: principally hydraulic and nuclear electricity.