Table 3.
Change in Outcome Variables from Baseline to Study Completion by Preload Group
| GF Preload (n = 29) |
GFJ Preload (n = 28) |
Water Preload (n = 28) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (mean ± SD) | (mean ± SD) | (mean ± SD) | P* | |
| Energy Expenditure | ||||
| RQ (VCO2/VO2) | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.618 |
| REE (kcal) | 4.5 ± 27.9 | 42.1 ± 18.4 | - 37.1 ± 22.6 | 0.151 |
| REE Adjusted (kcal/kg/lbm) | 1.6 ± 4.6 | 1.7 ± 5.1 | 0.9 ± 5.2 | 0.078 |
| Body Composition | ||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | - 1.6 ± 1.6 | - 1.9 ± 1.4 | - 2.1 ± 1.1 | 0.523 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | - 4.0 ± 4.1 | - 5.5 ± 5.7 | - 5.4 ± 4.8 | 0.189 |
| Fat Tissue Mass (kg) | - 2.6 ± 2.1 | - 2.9 ± 2.9 | - 2.5 ± 2.1 | 0.499 |
| Total Body Fat (%) | - 1.1 ± 1.8 | - 1.1 ± 1.9 | - 1.2 ± 2.6 | 0.489 |
| Trunk Fat (%) | - 1.4 ± 2.9 | - 1.7 ± 2.6 | - 1.2 ± 2.6 | 0.154 |
| Android Fat (%) | - 1.9 ± 2.4 | - 1.2 ± 2.7 | - 1.5 ± 3.3 | 0.239 |
| Gynoid Fat (%) | - 1.5 ± 2.4 | - 0.5 ± 2.9 | - 0.7 ± 4.5 | 0.114 |
| Lean Tissue Mass (kg) | - 0.9 ± 2.1 | - 1.9 ± 1.9 | 0.3 ± 2.4 | 0.127 |
| Lean Tissue Mass (%) | 1.1 ± 2.4 | 0.8 ± 2.0. | 1.8 ± 2.6 | 0.230 |
| BMC (kg) | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.587 |
| Glycemia and Blood Pressure | ||||
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± .0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.4 | 0.969 |
| Fasting Insulin (uU/mL) | - 0.5 ± 4.7 | - 0.3 ± 3.7 | - 0.8 ± 7.4 | 0.691 |
| HOMAIR Score | - 0.2 ± 1. | - 0.1 ± 0.8 | - 0.6 ± 1.6 | 0.095 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | - 3.1 ± 7.8 | -3.1 ± 7.4 | - 1.5 ± 6.3 | 0.922 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | - 0.3 ± 8.1 | - 3.8 ± 9.1 | 0.1 ± 8.1 | 0.565 |
| Lipids | ||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | - 6.7 ± 40.6 | - 9.4 ± 31.9 | - 4.3 ± 26.2 | 0.166 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 3.0 ± 21.3 | - 3.2 ± 14.9 | 2.5 ± 11.1 | 0.419 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 1.8 ± 3.2 | 5.3 ± 7.9 | 3.5 ± 7.7 | 0.498 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 3.0 ± 5.2 | 4.9 ± 7.5** | -2.0 ± 7.2 | 0.020 |
| HDL to total cholesterol ratio | - 0.2 ± 0.4 | - 0.4 ± 0.7** | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.025 |
*P <. 0.05 indicating statistically significant difference by ANCOVA, with baseline value included as covariate. For outcomes showing significant differences by ANCOVA, simple contrasts were conducted within ANCOVA to determine which preloads were significantly different.
** Significantly different from water preload, Ps = 0.017.