Table 2. Summary: fruit and vegetables and risk of common cancers.

Cancer site	Current evidence for association with fruit and vegetables	Comments
Gastrointestinal tract
Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus	Consistent inverse association	Not clear if causal – might be due to residual confounding by other factors such as tobacco and alcohol
Stomach	Generally little or no association	—
Colorectum	Inconsistent, weak, inverse association	Could be due to protective effect of dietary fibre
Lung	Inconsistent, weak, inverse association	Could be due to residual confounding by smoking
Breast	Little or no association	—
Prostate	Little or no association	—