Table 2. Association between gastric cancer and the main food items/groups contributing to the dietary salt intake and the preference for salty/salted foods, according to H. pylori infection (ELISA).
|
H. pylori negative (n=157)
|
H. pylori positive (n=914)
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n=97) | Cases (n=60) |
OR (95% CI)
|
Controls (n=552) | Cases (n=362) |
OR (95% CI)
|
||||
| n (%) | n (%) | Crude | Adjusteda | n (%) | n (%) | Crude | Adjusteda | P-valueb | |
| Sodium intake from food frequency questionnaire (mg day–1)c | |||||||||
| <3067.5 | 24 (24.7) | 24 (40.0) | 1 | 1 | 190 (34.4) | 108 (29.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| 3067.5–3960.1 | 33 (34.0) | 21 (35.0) | 0.64 (0.29–1.40) | 0.93 (0.32–2.71)d | 182 (33.0) | 125 (34.5) | 1.21 (0.87–1.68) | 1.48 (0.96–2.26)d | 0.470 |
| >3960.1 | 40 (41.2) | 15 (25.0) | 0.38 (0.16–0.85) | 0.67 (0.13–3.48)d | 180 (32.6) | 129 (35.7) | 1.26 (0.91–1.75) | 2.36 (1.32–4.22)d | 0.045 |
| Food items with the highest contribution to sodium intake (servings per day) c | |||||||||
| <6.3 | 25 (25.8) | 16 (26.6) | 1 | 1 | 189 (34.2) | 76 (21.0) | 1 | 1 | |
| 6.3–8.1 | 38 (39.2) | 19 (31.7) | 0.78 (0.33–1.80) | 0.90 (0.28–2.87)d | 177 (32.1) | 118 (32.6) | 1.66 (1.16–2.36) | 1.35 (0.87–2.09)d | 0.391 |
| >8.1 | 34 (35.0) | 25 (41.7) | 1.15 (0.51–2.59) | 1.67 (0.40–6.90)d | 186 (33.7) | 168 (46.4) | 2.25 (1.60–3.15) | 2.69 (1.60–4.54)d | 0.178 |
| Salt consumption by visual analogical scale (mm) c | |||||||||
| <35 | 38 (39.2) | 15 (25.0) | 1 | 1 | 178 (32.2) | 93 (25.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–48 | 29 (29.9) | 9 (15.0) | 0.79 (0.30–2.05) | 1.67 (0.46–6.04) | 181 (32.8) | 72 (19.9) | 0.76 (0.52–1.10) | 0.73 (0.47–1.12) | 0.367 |
| >48 | 30 (30.9) | 36 (60.0) | 3.04 (1.41–6.56) | 4.92 (1.61–14.99) | 193 (35.0) | 197 (54.4) | 1.95 (1.42–2.69) | 1.63 (1.10–2.40) | 0.142 |
| Use of table salt | |||||||||
| Never | 87 (86.7) | 52 (86.7) | 1 | 1 | 493 (89.3) | 315 (87.0) | 1 | 1 | |
| Sometimes/most times/always | 10 (10.3) | 8 (13.3) | 1.34 (0.50–3.61) | 1.46 (0.39–5.48) | 59 (10.7) | 47 (13.0) | 1.25 (0.83–1.88) | 1.31 (0.80–2.16) | 0.862 |
| Duration of refrigerator ownership (years) | |||||||||
| <25e | 1 (1.0) | 15 (25.0) | 1 | 1 | 14 (2.6) | 57 (15.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| 25–50 | 18 (18.6) | 22 (36.7) | 0.08 (0.01–0.68) | 0.13 (0.01–1.14) | 226 (40.9) | 181 (50.0) | 0.20 (0.11–0.36) | 0.18 (0.09–0.38) | 0.807 |
| >50 (including all their lives) | 78 (80.4) | 23 (38.3) | 0.02 (0.00–0.16) | 0.14 (0.02–1.28) | 312 (56.5) | 124 (34.2) | 0.10 (0.05–0.18) | 0.31 (0.15–0.65) | 0.613 |
Abbreviations: ELISA=enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for gender, age, education and smoking.
b
P-value for interaction.
c
Tertiles observed in controls used as cutoffs.
d
Additionally adjusted for total energy intake.
e
Including four cases who do not currently have refrigerator.