Table 4. Association between gastric cancer and the main food items/groups contributing to the dietary salt intake and the preference for salty/salted foods, according to smoking status.
|
Never smokers (n=589)
|
Ever smokers (n=482)
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n=349) | Cases (n=240) |
OR (95% CI)
|
Controls (n=300) | Cases (n=182) |
OR (95% CI)
|
||||
| n (%) | n (%) | Crude | Adjusteda | n (%) | n (%) | Crude | Adjusteda | P-valueb | |
| Sodium intake from food frequency questionnaire (mg day–1)c | |||||||||
| <3067.5 | 128 (36.7) | 89 (37.1) | 1 | 1 | 86 (28.7) | 43 (23.6) | 1 | ||
| 3067.5–3960.1 | 117 (33.5) | 89 (37.1) | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) | 1.40 (0.84–2.34)d | 98 (32.6) | 57 (31.3) | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) | 1.31 (0.69–2.48)d | 0.734 |
| >3960.1 | 104 (29.8) | 62 (25.8) | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) | 1.84 (0.85–4.02)d | 116 (38.7) | 82 (45.1) | 1.41 (0.89–2.24) | 2.14 (0.98–4.65)d | 0.960 |
| Food items with the highest contribution to sodium intake (servings per day) c | |||||||||
| <6.3 | 132 (37.8) | 65 (27.1) | 1 | 1 | 82 (27.3) | 27 (14.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| 6.3–8.1 | 108 (31.0) | 81 (33.7) | 1.52 (1.01–2.30) | 1.52 (0.91–2.54)d | 107 (35.7) | 56 (30.8) | 1.59 (0.92–2.73) | 0.91 (0.45–1.82)d | 0.198 |
| >8.1 | 109 (31.2) | 94 (39.2) | 1.75 (1.17–2.63) | 2.64 (1.38–5.03)d | 111 (37.0) | 99 (54.4) | 2.71 (1.62–4.52) | 2.19 (1.01–4.73)d | 0.542 |
| Salt consumption by visual analogical scale (mm) c | |||||||||
| <35 | 121 (34.7) | 71 (29.6) | 1 | 1 | 95 (31.7) | 37 (20.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–48 | 120 (34.4) | 48 (20.0) | 0.68 (0.44–1.06) | 0.71 (0.42–1.20) | 90 (30.0) | 33 (18.1) | 0.94 (0.54–1.63) | 0.94 (0.48–1.84) | 0.648 |
| >48 | 108 (30.9) | 121 (50.4) | 1.91 (1.29–2.82) | 1.75 (1.09–2.80) | 115 (38.3) | 112 (61.6) | 2.50 (1.58–3.96) | 2.00 (1.12–3.56) | 0.933 |
| Use of table salt | |||||||||
| Never | 314 (90.0) | 216 (90.0) | 1 | 1 | 266 (88.7) | 151 (83.0) | 1 | 1 | |
| Sometimes/most times/always | 35 (10.0) | 24 (10.0) | 1.00 (0.58–1.72) | 1.04 (0.52–2.04) | 34 (11.3) | 31 (17.0) | 1.61 (0.95–2.72) | 1.64 (0.86–3.12) | 0.406 |
| Duration of refrigerator ownership (years) | |||||||||
| <25e | 9 (2.6) | 53 (22.1) | 1 | 1 | 6 (2.0) | 19 (10.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| 25–50 | 157 (45.0) | 121 (50.4) | 0.13 (0.06–0.28) | 0.14 (0.06–0.32) | 87 (29.0) | 82 (45.1) | 0.30 (0.11–0.78) | 0.36 (0.11–1.14) | 0.134 |
| >50 (including all their lives) | 183 (52.4) | 66 (27.5) | 0.06 (0.03–0.13) | 0.20 (0.08–0.46) | 207 (69.0) | 81 (44.5) | 0.12 (0.05–0.32) | 0.69 (0.22–2.21) | 0.090 |
Abbreviations: OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for gender, age, education and H. pylori infection.
b
P-value for interaction.
c
Tertiles observed in controls used as cutoffs.
d
Additionally adjusted for total energy intake.
e
Including four cases who do not currently have refrigerator.