Table 5. Association between gastric cancer and the main food items/groups contributing to the dietary salt intake and the preference for salty/salted foods according to tumour site.
|
Cases (n=379)
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n=649) | Non-cardia (n=328) |
OR (95% CI)
|
Cardia (n=51) |
OR (95% CI)
|
Non-cardia vs cardia OR (95% CI)
|
||||
| n (%) | n (%) | Crude | Adjusteda | n (%) | Crude | Adjusteda | Crude | Adjusteda | |
| Sodium intake from food frequency questionnaire (mg day–1)b | |||||||||
| <3067.5 | 214 (33.0) | 100 (30.5) | 1 | 1 | 14 (27.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 3067.5–3960.1 | 215 (33.1) | 115 (35.1) | 1.14 (0.82–1.59) | 1.51 (0.99–2.30)c | 20 (39.2) | 1.42 (0.70–2.89) | 1.51 (0.68–3.35)c | 0.80 (0.39–1.68) | 0.94 (0.43–2.06)c |
| >3960.1 | 220 (33.9) | 113 (34.4) | 1.10 (0.79–1.53) | 2.26 (1.27–4.04)c | 17 (33.3) | 1.18 (0.56–2.46) | 1.50 (0.50–4.52)c | 0.93 (0.44–1.98) | 1.46 (0.50–4.33)c |
| Food items with the highest contribution to sodium intake (servings per day) b | |||||||||
| <6.3 | 214 (33.0) | 69 (21.0) | 1 | 1 | 12 (23.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 6.3–8.1 | 215 (33.1) | 104 (31.7) | 1.50 (1.05–2.15) | 1.32 (0.85–2.04)c | 18 (35.3) | 1.49 (0.70–3.18) | 1.05 (0.46–2.37)c | 1.00 (0.46–2.22) | 1.18 (0.52–2.66)c |
| >8.1 | 220 (33.9) | 155 (47.3) | 2.18 (1.55–3.07) | 3.00 (1.79–5.05)c | 21 (41.2) | 1.70 (0.82–3.54) | 1.34 (0.50–3.57)c | 1.28 (0.60–2.76) | 2.08 (0.80–5.44)c |
| Salt consumption by visual analogical scale (mm) b | |||||||||
| <35 | 216 (33.2) | 86 (26.2) | 1 | 1 | 10 (19.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 35–48 | 210 (32.4) | 61 (18.6) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) | 11 (21.6) | 1.13 (0.47–2.72) | 1.17 (0.47–2.93) | 0.64 (0.26–1.61) | 0.63 (0.25–1.61) |
| >48 | 223 (34.4) | 181 (55.2) | 2.04 (1.48–2.80) | 1.81 (1.24–2.66) | 30 (58.8) | 2.90 (1.39–6.09) | 2.63 (1.20–5.75) | 0.70 (0.33–1.50) | 0.67 (0.31–1.48) |
| Use of table salt | |||||||||
| Never | 580 (89.4) | 283 (86.3) | 1 | 1 | 48 (94.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Sometimes/most times/always | 69 (10.6) | 45 (13.7) | 1.34 (0.89–2.00) | 1.46 (0.90–2.37) | 3 (5.9) | 0.52 (0.16–1.73) | 0.55 (0.16–1.90) | 2.54 (0.76–8.52) | 2.66 (0.78–9.01) |
| Duration of refrigerator ownership (years) | |||||||||
| <25d | 15 (2.3) | 58 (17.7) | 1 | 1 | 8 (15.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25–50 | 244 (37.6) | 155 (47.3) | 0.16 (0.09–0.30) | 0.16 (0.08–0.33) | 27 (52.9) | 0.21 (0.08–0.53) | 0.19 (0.07–0.53) | 0.79 (0.34–1.84) | 0.88 (0.37–2.11) |
| >50 (including all their lives) | 390 (60.1) | 115 (35.1) | 0.08 (0.04–0.14) | 0.27 (0.13–0.54) | 16 (31.4) | 0.08 (0.03–0.21) | 0.28 (0.09–0.84) | 0.99 (0.40–2.45) | 0.97 (0.35–2.69) |
Abbreviations: OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for gender, age, education, smoking and H. pylori infection.
b
Tertiles observed in controls used as cutoffs.
c
Additionally adjusted for total energy intake.
d
Including four cases who do not currently have refrigerator.