The figure shows how the most critical failure modes can be sorted by step of the medication management process or for the entire process. Criticality (likelihood × impact on patient × impact on registered nurse) ranges from 1.75 for failure mode C12 (family refuses to medication [patient unconscious/unable to make decisions] to 21 for failure mode C9 (IV pump malfunctioning). IV, intravenous; RN, registered nurse; ID, identification; MAR, medication administration record; ICU, intensive care unit.