Effect of food and water deprivation (FWD) or restraint stress (RST) on influenza virus-induced corticosterone secretion (A), lung gene expression of IL-6 (B) IL-1α (C) and IL-1β (D) in non-infected (NI) and influenza A/PR8 virus infected (INF) male and female mice. Circulating corticosterone levels were determined using RIA on days 5 (Day 5) and 9 (Day 9) post infection. Changes in gene expression were assessed using real-time PCR. The fold-increase in gene expression levels were determined by comparing the levels of cytokine expression to lungs harvested from sham-infected controls of the same group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
* Significantly different from corresponding NI group (same sex and stress manipulation) (p<0.05).
+ Significantly different from corresponding FWD group (same sex and day of infection) (p<0.05).
# Significantly different from corresponding female group (same stress manipulation and day of infection) (p<0.05).