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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Feb 16.
Published in final edited form as: Bioconjug Chem. 2011 Jan 12;22(2):307–314. doi: 10.1021/bc100442q

Scheme 1. Structure of the GM1 ganglioside found on intestinal epithelial cells and binding of cholera toxin (CT) to the target cells.

Scheme 1

GM1 gangliosides, located on the surface of the targeted cells, are the known ligands that facilitate binding and internalization of CT. N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), glucose (Glc), and galactose (Gal) residues comprise the pentasaccharide moiety of the GM1 ganglioside facilitate interaction with the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB).