Table 4.
Transcriptomic studies evaluating the effect of PM on vascular cells
| Study | PM source | Cells or tissue/platform | Design | Findings | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verheyen et al. 2004 | DEP | THP-1 differentiated macropahges/incyte cDNA clone set | PMA-differentiated cells were treated with DEP for 6 and 24 h vs. controls | 50 and 39 clones were up or downregulated at 6 h; 54 and 60 clones were up or downregulated at 24 h (>1.3-fold). Genes were enriched in immune response, cell adhesion, apoptosis, metabolism, signal transduction and transport pathways | (Verheyen et al. 2004) |
| Yamawaki and Iwai 2006 | Carbon black (CB) | HUVECs/Affimetrix | Cells treated with CB for 24 h vs. controls | Top 89 upregulated probesets included IL-8, CXCL2, CXCL3, VCAM1, HO-1, MMP10, BMP2. | (Yamawaki and Iwai 2006) |
| Gong et al. 2007 | DEP | HMECs/Illumina | Cells treated with DEP, oxPAPC and DEP + oxPAPC for 4 h vs. controls | 1,555 regulated genes > 1.5-folds. 664 genes of those exhibited synergistic effects between DEP and oxPAPC. Genes were enriched in antioxidant, inflammatory, unfolded protein response and apoptosis pathways | (Gong et al. 2007) |
| Nadadur et al. 2009 | ROFA and Vanadium | HUVECs/Clontech cDNA array | Cells treated with ROFA or Vanadium for 30 min vs. controls | 810 genes regulated by ROFA >2-folds (339 upregulated and 471 downregulated). Genes wereenriched in cytokines/groth factors, cell adhesion molecules, transporters, signal transduction families. Nine transcription factors were activated by ROFA (>2-fold by TranSignal Protein/DNA arrays) which included AP-1, Nrf2, and USF-1 | (Nadadur et al. 2009) |
| Huang et al. 2009 | PM2.5 | Alveolar macrophages/Agilent | Cells treated with PM2.5 for 4 h vs. control | 38 and 43 differentially up or downregulated genes, respectively. Upregulated genes were enriched in metal binding, antioxidant functions including Metallothioneins, NQO1, MMP9, ATOX1 | (Huang et al. 2009) |
| Floyd et al. 2009 | PM2.5 | Aortic atherosclerotic plaques/Affymetrix | Plaques harvested by LCM from apoE−/− exposed to PM2.5 vs. filtered air for 5 months | 611 differentially expressed genes (216 upregulated, 395 downregulated) enriched in inflammation, immunological disease, lipid metabolism, cell death ontological categories among others | (Floyd et al. 2009) |
DEP diesel exhaust particles, HMECs human microvascular endothelial cells, HUVECs human umbilical vein endothelial cells, LCM laser capture microdissection, ox-PAPC oxidized PAPC, oxidized PAPC (1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine), PMA phorbol myristate acetate, ROFA residual oil fly ash, AP-1 activating protein 1, ATOX1 Atx1 antioxidant protein 1 homolog, BMP2 Bone morphogenetic protein 2, CXCL2 chemokin (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, CXCL3 chemokin (C-X-C motif) ligand 3, HO-1 heme oxygenase 1, IL-8 interleukin 8, MMP10 matrix metalloproteinase 10, NQO1 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1, Nrf2 NFE-E2 related factor 2, USF1 upstream stimulating factor 1, VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1