Fig. 4.

Simulation results for linearly mixed measurements (X _ε, Y _ε ) of two unidirectionally and linearly coupled underlying source signals (X →Y). (a) Mixing model and original autoregressive source time courses X, Y. (b–d) Effective connectivity between sensor-level signals X _ε, Y _ε. Left statistics of permutation tests of TE values for the original sensor level data against trial-shuffled surrogate data after application of the additional time-shift test. The plots contain values of (1-p) in dependence of the number of investigated number of trials. Black bars indicate values for the effective connectivity from the sensor dominated by the driving source signal (X _ε) to the sensor dominated by the receiving source signal (Y _ε). Light grey bars indicate the reverse direction of effective connectivity. The dashed line corresponds to siginificant effective connectivity (p < 0.05). Right time- courses of signals X _ε and Y _ε for a single trial