Table 3.
Association of Metabolic syndrome, HOMA IR and plasma levels of Apolipoprotein B with coronary calcium in multivariable models
| Diabetes mellitus | ||
|---|---|---|
| Yes (N=611) | No (N=803) | |
| Variable | Tobit Ratio (95%CI) (P-value) | Tobit Ratio (95%CI) (P-value) |
| MetSyn | ||
| Model 1 | 2.37 (1.27-4.41) (p=0.007) | 2.15 (1.43-3.24) (p<0.001) |
| Model 2 (HOMA IR) | 1.54 (0.77-3.06) (p=0.221) | 1.66 (1.08-2.55) (p=0.021) |
| Model 3 (ApoB) | 1.99 (1.06-3.73) (p=0.032) | 1.75 (1.24-2.65) (p=0.009) |
| Model 4 (HOMA IR & ApoB) | 1.32 (0.66-2.64) (p=0.434) | 1.40 (0.91-2.16) (p=0.126) |
| HOMA IR | ||
| Model 1 | 1.86 (1.25-2.78) (p=0.002) | 1.84 (1.40-2.42) (p<0.001) |
| Model 2 (MetSyn) | 1.72 (1.13-2.62) (p=0.011) | 1.66 (1.24-2.20) (p=0.001) |
| Model 3 (ApoB) | 1.72 (1.15-2.57) (p=0.008) | 1.66 (1.26-2.19) (p<0.001) |
| Model 4 (MetSyn & ApoB) | 1.64 (1.08-2.49) (p=0.021) | 1.56 (1.17-2.07) (p=0.002) |
| ApoB | ||
| Model 1 | 1.55 (1.19-2.01) (p=0.001) | 1.58 (1.33-1.90) (p<0.001) |
| Model 2 (HOMA IR) | 1.51 (1.14-1.99) (p=0.004) | 1.51 (1.26-1.81) (p<0.001) |
| Model 3 (MetSyn) | 1.46 (1.12-1.91) (p=0.005) | 1.50 (1.25-1.80) (p<0.001) |
| Model 4 (HOMA IR & MetSyn) | 1.48 (1.12-1.96) (p=0.006) | 1.47 (1.22-1.76) (p<0.001) |
Results of Tobit regression are presented as the ratio of increase in coronary calcium score for one standard deviation increase in apoB; standard deviation for pooled cohort allowing comparison across diabetes status. Standard deviation for apoB in diabetics was 17.84 and 22.83 for non diabetics.
Model 1 includes age, gender, medications and risk factors. Medications included statins, niacin, insulin, metformin, thiazolidinediones. Risk factors included hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tobacco use, alcohol use, exercise and high sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Models 2-4 include model 1 and the corresponding variable as denoted within the parenthesis in the table.
HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. For HOMA-IR, type 2 diabetic subjects on insulin were excluded from analysis, yielding N=513.