Table 1.

Statistical results (p values) for the kinematic data

	Condition	Cadence	Crank position	Condition × cadence	Condition × crank position	Condition × crank position × cadence
Hip flexion and extension	0.3121	0.1855	<0.0001	0.9087	0.0023	<0.0001
Hip adduction and abduction	0.0386	0.3727	0.2992	<0.0001	0.7698	0.0035
Hip internal and external rotation	0.8991	0.6316	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.2960	0.0024
Knee flexion and extension	0.1353	0.9340	<0.0001	0.0196	0.3796	0.0050
Knee varus and valgus	0.0242	0.3197	<0.0001	0.0010	0.0019	0.1174
Ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion	0.0120	0.0365	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001

The values in bold type were significant. Interactions involving the crank position indicate that the kinematic curves were compared (*p < 0.008 for significance due to six joint motions being studied). For example, condition × crank position means that the kinematic curves were compared during cycling with and without the guide. In addition, condition by cadence indicates that the mean values were compared between conditions and cadences without taking the crank position, and thus timing differences, into account.