Table 2.
Crank position in degrees for the onset, offset, and duration of muscle activity [mean and (standard deviation)]
| Oneset | Offset | Duration | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle | 30 rpm No guide |
30 rpm Guide |
60 rpm No guide |
60 rpm Guide |
30 rpm No guide |
30 rpm Guide |
60 rpm No guide |
60 rpm Guide |
30 rpm No guide |
30 rpm Guide |
60 rpm No guide |
60 rpm Guide |
| Gluteus maximus | 6.6 (27.2) | 340.3 (33.2) | 206.1 (86.3) | 221.4 (68.8) | 9.4 (33.2) | 346.4 (24.3) | 324.3 (100.1) | 344.2 (57.3) | 210.2 (183.0) | 212.7 (183.4) | 179.9 (131.6 | 146.7 (119.7) |
| Biceps femoris | 240.9 (45.3) | 244.6 (72.4) | 54.4 (67.4) | 61.2 (85.4) | 352.9 (73.6) | 352.6 (84.6) | 12.9 (48.3) | 18.8 (73.5) | 138.8 (82.0) | 102.7 (81.6) | 298.9 (59.2) | 321.5 (42.2) |
| Rectus femoris | 21.0 (40.0) | 25.7 (66.9) | 344.6 (44.8) | 39.0 (71.4) | 292.7 (62.1) | 274.7 (59.2) | 297.2 (63.6) | 277.2 (81.3) | 220.8 (114.9) | 234.8 (99.1) | 270.5 (120.5) | 218.5 (136.3) |
| Vastus lateralis | 27.6 (84.2) | 127.3 (83.1) | 26.4 (115.7) | 23.9 (59.6) | 341.7 (75.1) | 315.0 (79.5) | 345.3 (48.9) | 342.1 (34.3) | 231.0 (122.5) | 186.8 (118.2) | 308.5 (68.3) | 301.4 (85.5) |
| Medial harmstrings | 255.5 (36.2) | 247.8 (68.6) | 180.5 (52.9) | 88.7 (88.7) | 40.8 (50.8) | 35.6 (66.8) | 33.9 (55.8) | 60.5 (67.0) | 148.3 (60.6) | 124.3 (72.2) | 275.5 (103.0) | 302.4 (87.6) |
| Anterior tibialis | 22.1 (87.1) | 22.6 (58.9) | 5.7 (69.8) | 4.6 (44.9) | 357.9 (74.0) | 4.1 (40.2) | 2.5 (52.1) | 358.9 (31.8) | 274.5 (110.2) | 323.4 (52.3) | 342.2 (33.2) | 338.9 (65.9) |
| Lateral gastrocnemius | 242.7 (92.5) | 241.9 (79.0) | 3.4 (75.9) | 1.3 (44.0) | 70.6 (83.7) | 110.6 (73.5) | 6.6 (64.0) | 4.3 (32.7) | 225.5 (106.3) | 236.3 (95.0) | 342.3 (33.4) | 348.5 (32.0) |
| Soleus | 184.7 (30.4) | 214.9 (60.9) | 80.7 (58.9) | 28.3 (86.7) | 46.9 (73.9) | 19.8 (53.5) | 40.3 (42.5) | 26.4 (40.8) | 206.9 (84.3) | 152.1 (85.9) | 319.4 (41.7) | 327.0 (52.5) |
Zero degree is the point at which the left crank arm was horizontal and farthest from the participant (*p-value<0.006 due to eight muscles being studied).As can be seen, onset and offset may show differences while duration does not for most muscles due to different analyses used. Onset and offset data are grouped based on each participant’s actual values, while duration was calculated for each participant and then grouped. Therefore within subject differences are taken into account in the duration values. Light gray = difference between cadences; dark gray = difference between conditions and between cadences. There were no interaction effects.