Table 2.

Multiple linear regression methods for estimation of tacrolimus exposure in adult kidney transplant recipients

Eqn no.	Patients (country)	Time post-transplant	Dietary control	Prospective data collection	Assay	Times investigated (h)	Limited sampling equation for estimation of AUC0–12	Validation method	r2	MPE(µg h l−1)	MPPE(%)	RMSE(µg h l−1)	MAPE(%)	Reference
1	14* (Spain)	NA	No	No	MEIA	0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12	8.90 + 4.0C0 + 1.77C1 + 5.47C4	Separate group (n = 13*)	0.97	0.48	0.16	6.3	NA	[50]
2	29 (India)	3–6 months	Yes	Yes	MEIA	0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 4, 6, 8, 12	14.73 + 4.38C0 + 2.09C1.5 + 4.06C4	Jackknife	0.99	NA	0.35	NA	4.7	[46]
3							19.16 + 6.75C0 + 3.33C1.5		0.95	NA	0.53	NA	6.4
4							23.90 + 2.74C0 + 7.88C4		0.93	NA	−0.01	NA	6.5
5	18 (Hong Kong)	1–8 years	Yes	Yes	MEIA	0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12	1.0 + 0.5C0 + C1 + 1.5C2 + 2C4 + 2C6 + 2.9C8 + 2C12	None	1.00	NA	−0.5	NA	0.5	[44]
6							5.4 + 1.1C0 + C1 + 1.4C2 + 2.3C4 + 2C6 + 3.3C8		0.99	NA	−0.2	NA	0.8
7							8.3 + 1.2C0 + 0.9C1 + 1.6C2 + 2.7C4 + 3.7C6		0.99	NA	0.5	NA	1.7
8							10 + 1.4C0 + 0.8C1 + 1.6C2 + 5.5C4		0.98	NA	−0.08	NA	2.5
9							13.3 + 1.2C0 + 2.4C2 + 5.6C4		0.93	NA	−0.8	NA	3.5
10							16.2 + 2.4C2 + 5.9C4		0.93	NA	−0.2	NA	3.6
11							24.5 + 3.8C0 + 0.9C1 + 3.3C2		0.82	NA	0.5	NA	6.8
12							44 + 0.8C1 + 3.5C2		0.77	NA	0.6	NA	7.6
13							26.2 + 3.6C0 + 4.2C2		0.76	NA	0.7	NA	7.7
14							53.22 + 5.26C0 + 1.95C1		0.57	NA	1.3	NA	9.5
15	100 (Belgium)	Day 7, 42, 90, 180, 360	Yes	Yes	MEIA	0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12	5.36 + 3.06C0 + 0.98C0.5 + 1.61C2 + 1.13C3 + 3.96C4	None	0.96	NA	−0.57	NA	4.7	[58]
16	50† (Japan)	Day 28	Yes	Yes	MEIA	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12	10.11C9 + 41.41	Separate group (n = 50†)	0.77	−7.4	NA	28.3	NA	[57]
17							6.46C4 + 59.49		0.62	0	NA	28.3	NA
18							12.46C0 + 46.00		0.61	−0.2	NA	27.8	NA
19							3.73C3 + 7.44C9 + 9.96		0.91	−3.8	NA	18.3	NA
20							5.19C0 + 7.50C9 + 21.73		0.82	−5.1	NA	25.2	NA
21							7.63C0 + 4.11C4 + 21.66		0.77	0.6	NA	21.2	NA
22							2.25C2 + 5.06C4 + 47.12		0.68	1.0	NA	26.0	NA
23							3.45C3 + 2.75C6 + 4.75C9 + 4.75		0.95	−3.3	NA	14.7	NA
24							2.25C2 + 1.92C4 + 7.27C9 + 6.61		0.93	−3.7	NA	17.8	NA
25							2.15C0 + 3.34C3 + 6.64C9 + 5.06		0.91	−3.3	NA	17.7	NA
26							7.04C0 + 1.71C2 + 3.23C4 + 15.19		0.80	1.3	NA	19.9	NA
27							1.13C2 + 3.03C3 + 3.65C4 + 37.09		0.73	1.5	NA	23.9	NA
28	15 (Thailand)	<3 months	Yes	Yes	MEIA	0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12	−5.385 + 3.337C0 + 0.96C1 + 1.402C2 + 6.01C4	None	0.98	NA	NA	NA	3.2	[42]
29							−5.496 + 7.189C0 + 2.357C1 + 2.131C2		0.93	NA	NA	NA	5.9
30							3.85 + 3.688C0 + 1.355C1 + 6.649C4		0.97	NA	NA	NA	4.5
31							−6.103 + 2.383C0 + 1.911C2 + 7.582C4		0.97	NA	NA	NA	3.9
32							1.304 + 0.465C1 + 1.636C2 + 8.256C4		0.96	NA	NA	NA	4.6
33							9.345 + 8.408C0 + 3.23C1		0.91	NA	NA	NA	7.4
34							−8.453 + 7.389C0 + 4.902C2		0.85	NA	NA	NA	9.6
35							8.231 + 2.316C0 + 9.636C4		0.95	NA	NA	NA	4.0
36							19.648 + 2.456C1 + 4.049C2		0.81	NA	NA	NA	11.0
37							13.114 + 0.873C1 + 9.291C4		0.95	NA	NA	NA	5.2
38							−0.192 + 1.888C2 + 8.783C4		0.96	NA	NA	NA	4.8
39							52.509 + 13.126C0		0.61	NA	NA	NA	14.7
40							62.472 + 4.451C1		0.71	NA	NA	NA	13.4
41							17.295 + 6.995C2		0.72	NA	NA	NA	13.2
42							13.808 + 10.779C4		0.94	NA	NA	NA	4.8

C_x, tacrolimus concentration at given time; MAPE, mean absolute percentage prediction error; MEIA, microparticle enzyme immunoassay; MPE, mean prediction error; MPPE, mean percentage prediction error; NA, not available; and RMSE, root mean squared prediction error.

^*Number of PK profiles (22 subjects in total in study).

^†Number of PK profiles (50 subjects in total in study).